11. Make a list of the horizontal sliding watertight doors in your ship. In each case see if it would have been practicable to fit a vertical sliding door instead.

12. Make a list of the most important vertical sliding doors in your ship. In each case state why a hinged door would have been undesirable.

13. How many double-bottom compartments (excluding the wings and reserve feed spaces) are there in your present ship? What is the water capacity in tons of the largest, and what of the smallest? What is the total capacity in tons of this double bottom available for the introduction of water as ballast?

14. Investigate the means of access in your present ship to—

(i.) All wing compartments;

(ii.) Spaces below provision rooms, etc., forward and aft ;
(iii.) Spaces before the collision bulkhead;

(iv.) Inside of masts ;

(v.) Watertight compartments at the sides of submerged torpedo-room. Why are such means of access provided to such spaces not used for stowage purposes?

15. Describe with outline sketches the three types of watertight door fitted in ships of the Royal Navy. What are the conditions governing the adoption of each type?

16. Why is it essential that when name plates or fittings are removed from bulkheads that the holes left should be immediately filled up by tap rivets? (See Admiralty Circular, S. 32111/1903, January 29, 1904.)

CHAPTER VII.

1. Sketch and describe the stem and its supports for a battle-ship. Draw special attention to the provision that is made to withstand the side bending that is likely to take place when the ships swing together after ramming. 2. Sketch and describe the stem for a sheathed vessel.

3. What are the special functions of the sternpost of a twin-screw vessel? Sketch and describe such a sternpost with the connection of the adjacent structure.

4. What special features do the sternposts of modern cruisers possess? Make a sketch of one such sternpost. What is specially neccessary for the support of the rudder?

5. What information is supplied to your ship with respect to the rudder?

6. Make a sketch of a shaft bracket. Indicate the exact nature of the strains that this fitting has to withstand. What is it made of in your ship? 7. Make a sketch of rudder of either

(i.) A battle-ship; or, (ii.) A cruiser.

8. Why is it necessary to make the diameter of the rudder of a cruiser of considerable size, in view of the fact that the twisting moment is small, even at high speeds, because the rudder is balanced?

9. Compare the pressure per unit area on a rudder in

(i.) A 10-knot cargo steamer ;
(ii.) A 19-knot battle-ship;
(iii.) A 23-knot cruiser;

(iv.) A 30-knot destroyer.

Ans. 1: 36: 5.3 9.0.

10. Indicate in detail how the weight of a rudder is taken in (i.) a battleship like Duncan and (ii.) a cruiser with a balanced rudder.

11. State in detail what would need to be done to remove the rudder of your ship. How can it be lifted and withdrawn for examination and repair? 12. Show how the hole in the sternpost for the reception of the rudder head is made watertight.

13. Sketch the outline of the sternpost and rudder in Edgar, Cressy, Duncan, and King Edward VII.

14. Name any ships you know of in the Royal Navy which have two rudders. Sketch the shape of the stern of one of these ships.

15. State the essential conditions to be satisfied in designing the stern of a large war-ship.

CHAPTER VIII.

1. State what is meant by a "compensating" steering gear. How is compensation obtained in "Rapson's slide," ," "Harfield's gear," and "Ollis's gear"?

2. What special advantages attach to the use of the screw steering gear? 3. What advantage is there in a compensating steering gear in view of the desirability of being able to steer the ship by manual power?

4. In Fig. 86 of Harfield's gear it will be noticed that the diameter of the spindle to the forward cross-head is considerably less than the diameter of the rudder-head. Why are these diameters so different, seeing that both have to take the same twisting moment?

5. In Harfield's and Rapson's slide steering gears (Figs. 86 and 84), why are not the tillers keyed direct on to the rudder-head without the use of the connecting rods?

6. Is a "Fayrer's" brake fitted to the hand-wheels of your ship? If so, what purpose does it serve? If not, why has it been dispensed with?

7. Why is it essential that steering gear should be under perfect control when changing from steam to hand, or from one steam engine to the other? 8. What alternative methods of steering your ship are possible, supposing the steering gear aft and the rudder are in order?

9. Supposing the rudder of your ship carried away, how could you steer the ship?

10. Make a list of the positions from which your ship can be steered, supposing the steam steering engines are available.

CHAPTER IX.

1. Make a list (with capacities, if possible) of all the pumps available in your ship for dealing with a leak.

2. Show that the initial rate of inflow of water through a hole d ft. below the surface is about 14/d tons per hour for every square foot of area of the hole.

3. Explain how the centrifugal circulating pumps in the engine-rooms may be made available for dealing with inflow of water into a ship.

4. Sketch the "main drain" as fitted to a modern ship. Show how water is prevented from passing away from the engine-room or from one boiler-room to another through this main drain.

5. How is water got rid of from (i.) wings, (ii.) barbettes, (iii.) submerged torpedo-rooms, (iv.) chain lockers ?

6. Sketch and describe a short portion of the "main suction.” What special type of valve is necessary for the suction from a double-bottom compartment, and why?

7. Suppose it has been necessary to flood a magazine in your ship. How would the water be got rid of?

8. Sketch in outline and describe the construction and working of a Downton pump.

9. Sketch and describe a Kingston valve. How many of these valves are fitted to your ship? Make a list stating the purpose of each of them.

10. How is water collecting on the top of the inner bottom got rid of? 11. State exactly what you would do to pump out water in, say, the forward boiler-room, supposing steam is not available.

12. Trace what it would be necessary to do to flood the largest magazine forward in your ship.

13. Why are valves for opening a magazine to the sea kept locked? Where are the keys kept?

14. Sketch an air escape as fitted to (i.) a magazine, (ii.) a wing compartment.

15. Sketch a portion of the "fire-main," with a specimen "rising main.” What is the fire-main used for?

16. How would you get water for wash-deck purposes or for fire, in the event of the steam pumps not being available?

17. Sketch and describe the fittings in your ship for flooding magazines, etc., when the ship is in dry dock.

18. The "main drain was formerly led through the double bottom. What advantages result from the present practice of leading the main drain above the inner bottom?

CHAPTER X.

1. Compare the ventilation for an ordinary building and a ship.

2. Why is continuous and efficient ventilation of coal-bunkers of great importance? Write out the regulations regarding the ventilation, etc., of coal-bunkers contained in the "Steam Manual."

3. Sketch and describe the ventilation of (1) an upper bunker, (2) a lower bunker.

4. Describe generally the system of ventilation with large steam-driven fans. What disadvantages are connected with this system?

5. Describe generally the present system of ship ventilation.

6. Describe, with sketches, how one of the largest magazines forward in your ship is ventilated. Why are ventilation exhausts fitted to magazines

and not to shell-rooms?

7. Write out the regulations contained in the "Gunnery Manual " regarding the ventilation of magazines.

8. Why is it undesirable to paint the ends of magazine exhausts and airescape pipes?

9. Describe, with sketches, the ventilation in your ship of (i.) sick bay, (ii.) spirit room, (iii.) engineer's workshop, (iv.) capstan engine department.

CHAPTER XI.

1. What is rust, and under what conditions is it formed?

2. Describe the process of "pickling." What trouble would you expect to arise in a ship from the steel of which the mill scale had not been removed before painting?

3. Why is it essential to keep the steel of a ship always well painted?

4. What is a zinc protector? What object does it serve? Why must zinc protectors never be painted?

5. State places in your present ship where you have observed zinc protectors fitted.

6. What is fouling? How is fouling prevented in (i.) a wood ship, (ii.) a steel ship?

7. Sketch and describe the present system of sheathing vessels with wood and copper. What service are such vessels specially suitable for? Name vessels of the Royal Navy thus sheathed.

8. What is exfoliation?

9. For what purpose is cement fitted in ships? Under what circumstances would cement prove detrimental rather than beneficial?

10. What is cork cementing? What is the object of this process?

11. State the regulations laid down in the "Steam Manual" respecting the inspection of the structure of H.M. ships.

CHAPTER XII.

1. Explain generally the action of a Temperley transporter.

2. Take one outer upper bunker of a ship and show (1) how coal is got into the bunker, (2) how the coal is got into the lower bunkers from it.

3. Take 30 ft. of the main deck of your ship and make a drawing showing all the coaling scuttles and escapes that are fitted, and state the purpose of each.

4. Sketch and describe a screen to a coal-bunker door. Why are such screens fitted?

5. What are temperature tubes, and why are they fitted? Write out the regulations in the "Steam Manual" respecting their use."

CHAPTER XIII.

1. Describe with outline sections the armour or other protection in (1) a battle-ship, (2) a deck-protected cruiser, (3) a sloop.

2. Discuss briefly the circumstances which led up to the particular arrangement of protection adopted in the Inflexible.

3. What is compound armour, Harveyed armour, and Krupp armour. Compare the relative efficiency of these types of armour.

4. Trace the reasons which led to the adoption of armour for the first class cruisers of the Cressy class.

5. Describe the system of protection adopted in (i.) Royal Sovereign, (ii.) Majestic. Compare and contrast the two systems.

6. For what purpose is teak backing fitted? What is the thickness now adopted?

What is the object of

7. Sketch an armour bolt for hard-faced armour. the sleeve, the india-rubber washer, and the cup washer?

8. What is meant by the term "figure of merit " as applied to armour? 9. Describe the armour protection, etc., of a vessel of the Duncan class. 10. What is a cofferdam? State places in your ship where cofferdams are fitted.

11. What is the value of coal as a material for purposes of protection? What vessels depend wholly on their coal for protection ?

12. In the Duncan the barbettes are 11 in. in thickness, while the side is only 7 in. State the reasons for this difference.

13. Compare the method of protecting the gun mountings for heavy guns in (1) Admiral class, (2) Royal Sovereign, (3) Duncan.

14. Make out a list of the armament in your present ship, stating in each case how the rear of the gun, and how the mounting, etc., is under protection.

15. What are

armour gratings"? Why are they fitted? State places

in your present ship where you have noticed armour gratings fitted.

CHAPTER XIV.

1. A hollow pillar is 4 in. external diameter and in. thick. What is the sectional area, and what would be the weight in pounds of 10 ft. of this pillar, if of wrought iron (480 lbs. to cubic foot)?

Ans. 4.27 square in.; 142 lbs. 2. A wrought-iron armour plate is 15 ft. 3 in. long, 3 ft. 6 in. wide, and 4 in. thick. Calculate its weight in tons. Ans. 4:29 tons.

3. Steel armour plates (490 lbs. to the cubic foot) are demanded 400 lbs. per square foot instead of 10 in. thick. What is the saving of weight per 1000 square ft. of surface of this armour? Ans. 37 tons.

4. A mast, 90 ft. in length, and 3 ft. external diameter, is composed of 20-lb. plating, worked flush jointed (as Fig. 8) on 3 tee bars, 5 in. × 3 in. × 15 lbs. per foot. Estimate the weight. Ans. About 9 tons.

5. A curvilinear area has the following ordinates at equidistant intervals of 18 ft., viz. 62, 138, 219, 264, 22:35, 1470, and 735 ft. Assuming