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the unemphatic and emphatic, but admit of other descriptions. The unemphatic contracts the series into a whole, the emphatic resolves it into its elements. Now, in order that it may be treated as a whole, the whole statement must be before the mind of the speaker before he begins to speak; while the interrupted method supposes he sees each element to appear only as its predecessor is finished. Hence the unemphatic is the more rhetorical mode, the emphatic the more spontaneous. Charles Lamb said he had heard only one actress speak Viola's speech

'A blank, my lord. She never told her love,

But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud,
Feed on her damask cheek: she pined in thought,
And, with a green and yellow melancholy,
She sat, like patience on a monument,

Smiling at grief.'-Twelfth Night, ii. 3.

All others, he said, had read it. And this describes precisely the difference of effect produced by the delivery of the same series with the emphatic or unemphatic inflection. The student who grasps this principle may be safely trusted in his choice of method. pare § 76.)

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75. Climax. Though when, in either the suspensive or the concluding part, the particulars rise in gradation, climax, the falling inflection will take place on every member without exception.

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Though you, though all the world, though an angel from heaven, were to affirm the truth of it, I could not believe it.'

'Our revels now are ended. These our actors,
As I foretold you, were all spirits, and

Are melted into air, into thin air:

And like the baseless fabric of this vision,

The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces,

The solemn temples, the great globe itself,

Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded,
Leave not a rack behind.'-Tempest, iv. 1.

It must be noted that the falling inflection on such isolated members is not so low in the range of the speaker's voice as at the final syllable of the whole sentence. The student may designate the former effect by the term Partial Close, and mark the inflection above the line, and the latter by the term Complete Close, and mark the inflection, as in the example just given, below the line.

76. Choice of Method in Co-ordinate Sentences.When the pupil has to deal with a number of co-ordinate sentences, he must ask himself the question, ‘Do I desire to keep my hearer in suspense, or to lay a stress upon any particular co-ordinate sentence as an independent proposition ?'

Occasionally there may be a choice. The student may compare the difference of effect of the following co-ordinate sentence, read (a) as copulative statements united by the rising inflection, and (b) as independent propositions separated by the falling inflection:

(a) 'The fearful boy look'd up, and saw

Huge drops upon his brow.'

HOOD, Dream of Eugene Aram.

(b) "The fearful boy look'd up, and saw

Huge drops upon his brow.'

There are occasions, however, when there would

seem to be no choice.

Notice the incisiveness of the

falling inflection in the two following examples:

Thrice is he arm'd that hath his quarrel just,
And he but naked, though lock'd up in steel,
Whose conscience with injustice is corrupted.'

There is a tide in the affairs of men,

2 Henry VI. iii. 2.

Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;

Omitted, all the voyage of their life

Is bound in shallows and in miseries.'-Julius Cæsar, iv. 5.

The following passages (in which the speaker describes the circumstances of a scene-not as taken in by the mind all at once, but as they come up in his imagination, one after the other) would probably lose much in both distinctness and picturesqueness, if read with rising inflections, and not with falling inflections, as they are marked :

(i) The crows and choughs that wing the midway air
Show scarce so gross as beetles; half way down
Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade!

Methinks he seems no bigger than his head :
The fishermen, that walk upon the beach,

Appear like mice; and yon tall anchoring bark,

Diminish'd to her cock; her cock, a buoy

Almost too small for sight: the murmuring surge,
That on the unnumber'd idle pebbles chafes,

Cannot be heard so high.'-King Lear, iv. 6.

(ii)

Nine times the space that measures day and night
To mortal men, he, with his horrid crew,

Lay vanquished, rolling in the fiery gulf,

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(iii)

Confounded, though immortal. But his doom

Reserved him to more wrath; for now the thought
Both of lost happiness and lasting pain

Torments him: round he throws his baleful eyes,
That witnessed huge affliction and dismay,

Mixed with obdurate pride and steadfast hate.
At once, as far as Angel's ken, he views

The dismal situation waste and wild.

A dungeon horrible, on all sides round,

As one great furnace flamed; yet from those flames

No light; but rather darkness visible

Served only to discover sights of woe,

Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace

And rest can never dwell, hope never comes
That comes to all, but torture without end

Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed

With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed.
Such place Eternal Justice had prepared
For those rebellious.'-Paradise Lost, i.

'Now storming fury rose,

And clamour such as heard in Heaven till now
Was never; arms on armour clashing brayed
Horrible discord, and the madding wheels

Of brazen chariots raged; dire was the noise

Of conflict; overhead the dismal hiss

Of fiery darts in flaming volleys flew,

And, flying, vaulted either host with fire.
So under fiery cope together rushed
Both battles main with ruinous assault

And inextinguishable rage. All Heaven

Resounded; and, had Earth been then, all Earth

Had to her centre shook.'-lb. vi.

(iv)' I see before me the Gladiator lie;

He leans upon his hand; his manly brow
Consents to death, but conquers agony !-

And his drooped head sinks gradually low:
And, from his side, the last drops, ebbing slow
Through the red gash, fall heavy, one by one,
Like the first of a thunder-shower and now

The arena swims around him—he is gone!—

Ere ceased the inhuman shout which hailed the wretch who won.

He heard it, but he heeded not-his eyes
Were with his heart, and that was far away:
He recked not of the life he lost, or prize,
But where his rude hut by the Danube lay;
There, were his young barbarians all at play-
There, was their Dacian mother!-he, their sire,
Butchered, to make a Roman holiday!—

All this rushed with his blood! Shall he expire,
And unavenged?—Arise, ye Goths, and glut your ire!

BYRON, Childe Harold.

77. Antithesis strives to express contrast of thought by contrast of inflection, and will therefore frequently cause a falling inflection to appear even in the suspensive part of a sentence. Antithesis has been termed (i) single, (ii) double, and (iii) triple, according to the number of the contrasts.

(i) Single Antithesis contains two terms, and is said to be (a) Expressed when both terms are stated; (b) Implied, when only one term is stated.

(a) ‘There is an heroic innocence, as well as an heroic courage.'

(b)

'But were I Brutus,

And Brutus Antony, there were an Antony

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