1796. "Posts" delivered. Washington's Farewell Address. Tennessee a State.

1797. John Adams President.

1798. X. Y. Z. affair; Alien Laws; Sedition Law; Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

1799. Kentucky Resolutions. Army Intrigue. Washington dies.

1800. Treaty with France.

comes the Capitol.

1801. Jefferson President.

1802. Ohio a State.

1803. Louisiana purchase.

Washington City beJefferson-Burr contest.

1804. Lewis and Clark expedition. XII Amendment. 1805-6. The Burr Conspiracy.

1806. Orders in Council.

Berlin Decree.

1807. "Chesapeake" and "Leopard." Embargo.

1808. Slave trade illegal.

1809. Non-Intercourse substituted for Embargo. Madison President.

1810. "Macon Bill No. I."

1811. "Tippecanoe."

1812. War declared. Louisiana a State.

1813. War; Perry's Victory.

1814. The Hartford Convention.

burned. Treaty of Peace signed.

Washington

1815. January 4, the Hartford Convention adjourned. January 8, Jackson's victory at New Orleans. Unitarian secession from Congregational Church.

1816. Second National Bank chartered. Dallas' report on manufactures. Tariff act passed; generally regarded as the first protective tariff. American "Colonization Society" founded. Caucus system for nominating presidential candidates breaking down. National debt, $127,335,000. Calhoun's "bank bonus bill" for internal improvements introduced. Monroe elected President and Tompkins Vice-President, by 183 electoral votes, to 34 for King. Indiana admitted as a state. 1817. Monroe's tour through New England and the West. All internal taxes repealed. Specie payments resumed. The Seminole War in Florida begins. Madison vetoes an internal improvement bill. Mississippi admitted as a state. The "Savannah" the first steamship to cross the Atlantic.

1817-20. Old party names pass out of use. Local issues take the place of national. Speculation, followed by the first great crisis.

1818. Connecticut adopts a new constitution. Jackson invades Florida. Hangs Ambrister and Arbuthnot; thus involves the United States

with England. Clay attacks Jackson in
Congress. Increase of tariff on iron. Treaty
with Great Britain. Fisheries, boundary,
Oregon and commercial questions provided
for. Illinois admitted as a state.

1819. Florida bought from Spain for $5,000,000.
Struggle over the admission of Missouri be-
gins. Arkansas organized as a Territory,
with slavery. The crisis of 1819-21 begins.
The National bank investigated. Specie pay-
ments again suspended, except in New Eng-
land. The Supreme Court in McCullough
vs. Maryland decides the National Bank law
constitutional. The famous Dartmouth Col-
lege case, and Webster's plea; held that
Charters are contracts. An act against the
slave trade. Alabama admitted as a state.
University of Virginia chartered.
1820. The slave trade declared piracy.

Liberia

founded. The first (?) Missouri compromise.
In Louisiana territory slavery to be forbid-
den north of latitude 360 30. Missouri en-
abling act passed. A constitution to be
formed with or without slavery as its peo-
ple wished. Monroe re-elected President
and only one opposing vote. Maine admit-
Population, U. S. 9,633,822.
States, 5,132,000; (2) Slave

ted as a state.
(1) Free

States, 4,522,000.

Representatives in Congress: (1) Free
States, 133; (2) Slave States, 90.

1821. The second (?) Missouri compromise, Clay's.
Missouri admitted as a state. The Florida
treaty ratified by Spain. New York forms
a new constitution; extends suffrage. In-
trigues for presidency, in 1824, begin.
Crawford and Adams most prominent can-
didates. Jackon governor of Florida.
1822. Monroe vetoes the Cumberland road bill.
Jackson comes forward as a presidential
candidate.

1818-22. The independence of the Spanish-American
states recognized by the United States.
1823. The so-called Monroe doctrine set forth. The
"Holy Alliance" baffled in its American
plans. Monroe's letter against the internal
improvement plans and ideas of the times.
1824. The tariff rates increased; protection ex-
tended. The great Webster-Clay debate
over protection. The last Congressional cau-
cus to nominate presidential candidates.
Crawford nominated for President by the
caucus; Adams, Clay and Jackson by the

state legislatures. Pennsylvania suggests a
national nominating convention. Not car-
ried out till 1831. Lafayette visits Amer-
ica. No choice by electors for president.

(1) Jackson, 99; (2) Adams, 84; (3)
Crawford, 41; (4) Clay, 37.

1825. In Congress Clay's followers support Adams.
(1) Adams, 13 states; (2) Jackson, 7
states; (3) Crawford, 4 states.

Cry of "bargain and sale" raised. University
of Virginia opened. Clay becomes Secretary
of State. Adams urges internal improve-
ments and a national university. The Erie
canal opened. Webster's "Bunker Hill" ora-
tion. The Panama Congress. Clay's "Hu-
man Freedom League" to oppose the "Holy
Alliance" proposed.

1826. Duel between Clay and Randolph. Trouble
with Creek Indians in Georgia. July 4, Ad-
ams and Jefferson die. American Temper-
ance Society at Boston.

1827. Congress in opposition to President Adams.
Difficulties with England settled by Gallatin.
1828. Candidates for presidency nominated by state
legislatures and mass conventions. The
"tariff of abominations." Webster this year,
for the first time, supports protection. The
triumph of "the people" in the election of
Jackson. Anti-Mason excitement. The dis-
appearance of Morgan. South Carolina dis-
satisfied with the tariff law.

1829. Jackson's inauguration; popular, demonstra-
tion. Jackson and Biddle begin the bank
struggle. The "Kitchen cabinet." The
"spoils system" introduced into national pol-
itics. The real beginning of railroads in the
United States.

1830. The Maysville road veto by Jackson. The
tariff bill modified; protection retained.
Webster-Hayne debate. Nullification doc-
trine set forth. B. & O. railroad opened.
Population 12,866,020.
1831. Jackson reorganizes his cabinet, and breaks
with Calhoun. The Seminole controversy.
The Nat Turner insurrection in Virginia.
Abolition societies organized. The first na-
tional nominating convention. Garrison be-
gins the "Liberator."

1832. The bank veto. Monopoly denounced. Jack-
son re-elected. Tariff act; again protection
sustained. The Anti-Masons enter national
politics. The first one-idea party. Nullifica-
tion ordinance by South Carolina. Jackson

issues his proclamation against nullification. Charles Carroll, the last of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, dies. 1833. The "force bill". Clay's compromise tariff bill. South Carolina withdraws her nullification act. The Webster-Calhoun debate. Jackson at his zenith. October 1, "removal of the deposits." Clay's land distribution bill vetoed. National abolition society organized.

1834. "Censure" of the president by the senate. The hard-money struggle; Benton. The Whig party formed and named. McCormick's reaping machine patented.

1835. Mob spirit everywhere; especially against abolitionists and catholics. National debt paid off. The "loco-focos." Prudence Crandall's school for colored girls closed. Struggle over "incendiary matter" in the mails. Indians of Georgia removed to Indian Territory.

1836. "Gag" resolutions in Congress against recep-
tion of "abolition" petitions. J. Q. Adams
begins his great struggle for the "right of
petition." Bill for "distribution of the sur-
plus" $36,000,000, among the states. July 4,
death of Madison. Van Buren elected pres-
ident. Texas wins the victory of San Jac nto.
The "specie circular" issued. Arkansas ad-
mitted as a state.
1837. The "expunging resolutions" adopted. Texas
independence recognized. The United States
presses for a settlement of her "claims"
against Mexico. The great crisis and panic,
speculation collapses. Van Buren for the
"independent" or "sub-treasury." E. P.

Lovejoy murdered. First proposal to annex
Texas. Michigan admitted as a State.

1838. Continued troubles on the Canadian frontier. Smithsonian Institution founded.

1839. Trouble in organizing the House.

The New

Jersey seats. The "Amistad" case. The
Daguerreotype first used in the United

States.

1835-42. Era of "isms." Fourierism, homoeopathy, hydropathy, the Graham diet, phrenology, etc. Transcendentalism, Emerson, Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, Hawthorne, etc. 1840. The "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" campaign. Election of Harrison, on "hard cider and log-cabin cry." Sub-treasury act passed. The Liberty party first appears in a national contest. Population, 17,069,453.

1830-40. A real American literature beginning to appear. Cheap newspapers, the Sun, 1833; the Herald, 1835; the Tribune, 1841, etc. 1841. Utter collapse of the "Second National Bank" and President Harrison's death. Sub-treasury act repealed. Clay and Tyler in opposition. Tyler and his cabinet quarrel over Tyler's bank vetoes.

1842. The

Ashburton-Webster treaty. Protective tariff law enacted. State debts repudiated. Dickens visits America. The Dorr rebellion

in Rhode Island. Dr. Whitman travels on horseback from Oregon to St. Louis.

1843. Webster resigns as Secretary of State. 1844. Treaty of Annexation with Texas, rejected by the Senate. Clay defeated by Polk for president. The telegraph first used, Baltimore to Washington. The Democratic campaign cry, "540 40 or fight."

1845. Joint resolution for annexing Texas. Polk's four great measures announced to Bancroft; Tariff reduction, acquisition of California, the independent or sub-treasury restored, Oregon boundary settled; all accomplished. Florida admitted as a state. Texas admitted as a state.

1846. The independent treasury act passed. The Oregon boundary line settled. A treaty with Great Britain. California and New Mexico seized. The so-called free-trade tariff passed. The "Wilmot-Proviso" proposed. Howe invents the sewing machine. Iowa admitted as a state.

1847. Victories over Mexico. Renown of Taylor and Scott. Lincoln first appears in national politics. Douglas' first term in the Senate. 1848. Taylor elected over Cass. The "Free-Soil" movement; Van Buren its candidate. Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo. February 23, J. Q. Adams dies. Calhoun asserts right of slaveholder to take his slave into any territory of the United States. Discovery of gold in California. The Mormons emigrate to Utah. Wisconsin admitted as a state.

1849. Struggle in Congress continues over organization of the territories. Rush to gold fields of California.

1850. Webster's "7th of March" speech. Seward's "Higher Law" speech, March 11. Clay's compromise adopted. California a free state. Slave trade in District of Columbia to end. Texas boundary settled. Texas paid $10,000,000. Utah and New Mexico territories with