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The following illustrates the same principles, and especially that of repetition for the sake of increased emphasis.

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It was kindly ordained - by a beneficent Providence,

to inform,

expand,

and DIGNIFY the public mind.

It is for THESE - high purposes our press was ordained;

but the defendant'

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has rendered it the degraded vehicle of fou! defamation.

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not - merely - as counsel for the plaintiff,

but as the humble advocate of my country.

GRIFFIN.

GRAMMATICAL EMPHASIS.

This enunciates some words more strikingly than others, to assist in apprehending, or remembering, an extended grammatical construction. It is occasionally needed, when the style is diffuse, and a particular sentence is long.

It often happens that the nominative noun of the subject, has appended to it several words, which make the whole subject very long. This appended portion will separate the nominative from the verb, by a considerable interval. In such a case, it will be uttered with more force; and thus will not only have its importance in the subject indicated, but will be remembered, when the mind, both of the speaker and listener, arrives at the predicate. There will also be a corresponding emphasis, on the verb, adjective, or noun, of the predicate. E. g.

Every thing in the city of our residence reminds us,

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on earth,

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[parture.

but are always advancing towards the period of our final de

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In this example, the emphatic force on every thing, and reminds, shows the relation of nominative and verb. The subsequent emphases are not only grammatical, but logical; since they indicate the most important idea in each phrase, as well as the construction of the sentence.

Grammatical emphasis is always needed, when the subject and predicate are separated by intervening clauses. E. g.

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The emphases in the last two phrases of the above, show the grammatical relation to tell, from which they are separated by an intervening clause. These cases, like the last emphases in the preceding example, and numerous others, are instances of the coincidence of grammatical with logical emphasis.

In general, when a composition proceeds in a flowing style, and with long periods, grammatical, in addition to logical enphasis, is needed. Yet to a great extent, the two will coincide.

The following beautiful period from the same sermon which furnished our two preceding examples, will be found, on analysis, an instructive exemplification of the present subject. We mark its emphases as follows. The phrases which are wholly in italics, are the subject phrases of the whole period. The second and fourth from the end, have entire words in italics, to show their common grammatical relation. In the others, the words in corresponding grammatical relations, are indicated by italicising the accented vowel of each. To prevent confusion, we have omitted to mark the emphasis required on the word 'first," in the second phrase, which is purely an emphasis of thought.

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engaged in unrighteous rebellion against his authority,

and bent on neglect of his glories;

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One of the most common uses of this kind of emphasis, is to connect an antecedent and its relative. If the antecedent be a pronoun, it will thus, though naturally unaccented, receive a strong and emphatic accent. E. g.

Nor could I regard him

as a safe counsellor,

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whose thoughts

of this government,

should be mainly bent - on considering, &c.

From the above examples, our readers will readily infer, that grammatical emphasis is common and important. Yet it must be remembered, that while, in general, sentences are so constructed, that the most important word in each clause or phrase will require some degree of emphasis in reference to setting forth thought, the same emphasis will also assist in displaying the grammatical relation.

LOGICAL EMPHASIS,

The emphasis of thought, coinciding with that of grammar, will in general cause the most important words in a phrase to be uttered more forcibly than others. There is a great deal of such emphasis, which is too obvious to need rules or description. Upon it, to a great extent, depends the rhythm of discourse, and the balance of phrases in style.

But the most important part of the present subject, and that to which the term logical emphasis is most applicable, is that of emphatic inflexions.

These designate various relations between single words, or between whole clauses, sentences, and even paragraphs, and may be arranged under the following heads.

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1. Simple pointed Affirmation and Designation.
2. Negation; often used in contrast with affirmation.
3. Condition and Consequence; as contrasted relations.
4. Concession and Denial; also contrasted.

5. Question and Answer; generally contrasted.
6. Contrast; or one thing compared with another.
7. Reference; which is a variety of the preceding.
8. Correspondence; another variety of contrast: e. g.

"I told him to do so; he did so."

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