years have gone by the external aspect at the college has greatly ged. The forest, amid which the first buildings were erected, has peared. In its stead are large cultivated fields, the extensive ens, the wide lawns, and many young groves. To the single college and the single boarding hall of the first days have been added shall, Williams hall, Abbot hall, the chemical laboratory, the cultural laboratory, the botanical laboratory, the veterinary labo7, the agricultural laboratory, the library and museum building. es these there are 13 residences for professors and employés, aud ge apartment building, in which many of the younger professors their homes. The propagating houses are of the best make. The house is of good size and is stocked with fine plants. The flower n and the botanical garden lend in summer a glow of color to the y of the grounds. There is a whole village of cribs, and sheds, ilos, and barns. An artesian well was bored some years ago, and it the steam pumps constantly send forth a stream of pure water ery building on the grounds.

e 240,000 acres of land given to Michigan in 1862 by Congress to support a school of agriculture and the mechanic arts. In ting this grant and giving it to its agricultural college, Michigan honor bound to establish at the college a mechanical department. it did at the time that Hon. Edwin Willits became president, and g his administration the department was organized and pushed to ont. For it was erected a large building, with wood-shop, supplied benches, tools, and lathes; with an-iron shop, with all the machinor working in iron, and an engine to furnish power for both. The e of instruction in the mechanical department is of the same h as in the agricultural and is equivalent to it. Its aim is to give the beginning of such training as will make them first-class meFrom 8 to 12 hours a week are given to practical work in the s. This amount of time under the direction of trained instructors ops a surprising skill in the young workman.

Cs.

accepting the Congressional land grant Michigan pledged itself to teach military tactics and science in the school supported by it. rrying out this pledge it has provided for a regular drill of one hour times a week and for class instruction in military science. The has built a large and excellent drill hall for use in inclement her. The students are organized into a cadet corps. A lieutenant the U. S. Army is detailed by the Secretary of War to give instrucin this department, which he does in a most efficient and acceptable

er.

e extensive plant of the college, including land, buildings, library, eum, apparatus, stock, implements, etc., has been generously given he State of Michigan in many different appropriations from year to . The plant has cost $450,000. In addition to this it was necesfor the State, until 1885, to make annual appropriations for the 713-No. 4--8

current expenses of the college. For this purpose it gave, between 1857 and 1885, $362,000.

By the terms of the Morrill grant, as mentioned above, Michigan received 240,000 acres of land, which it gave to the agricultural college. This land was located in Michigan, and is held and managed by the State, the fund received for its sale being also held by the State, and interest on it paid to the college. There has been no unwise haste in selling the lands. About one half of them are now sold, and the fund received yielded in 1889 about $32,000 income to the college. When the other half of the land is sold the annual income will be largely increased.

The State board of education, into whose hands the management of the college was first given, desired to be relieved of this charge, and in 1862 the legislature created the State Board of Agriculture and put the school under its control. The members of this board have taken much personal interest in the growth of the school, and have usually worked in harmony with each other and with the faculty. It has never lacked some men of wide views in education and agriculture, who have given to its work a comprehensive scope. Receiving no compensation for their services they have yet given to the supervision of the college much valuable time, and not infrequently have received therefor, from persons who knew nothing of the situation of affairs and who had not sufficient interest in the college ever to set foot upon its premises, most unjust and bitter criticism. But in the constantly growing strength, usefulness, and prosperity of the school the board has an honorable reward.

Since the college was first opened it has not lacked for students. It has been obliged to depend entirely on dormitories for the accommodation of its students, and its dormitories have always been very limited in capacity. In the first years the boys were crowded, four in a small room. Later appropriations enabled other dormitories to be built. But as rooms increased students increased in number, and sometimes in these later years rooms have been crowded scarcely less than in the beginning. That only a small number of students could be taken has not been in all respects a misfortune. It has given the college a chance to develop its course of instruction and of labor without the burden of providing immediately for too large a crowd. Now it is so thoroughly established that it can care for greater numbers as soon as the State provides dormitories for their accommodation.

In glancing over the work done to establish the college and in studying its experience for these 32 years, and in looking somewhat at the condition of other agricultural schools, there are some truths that thrust themselves boldly into view :

(1) An agricultural and mechanical school should be under the con trol of a special board with which it is the chief school or the only school.

It should not be a department of what is called a university, but d be separate from all other institutions.

A labor system demanding not less than 2 hours' labor a day from student not physically disabled should be rigidly enforced. This requires that the college should be on a large domain, giving e space for shops, farms, gardens, orchards, groves, and lawns. The course of instruction should train students in natural science, ematics, and English literature, and in the practical applications ence to agriculture and mechanics, and in those sciences not usucalled "natural," though eminently natural in the true meaning of word, that deal with life, mind, thought, morals, industry, and y.

A school so controlled, so situated, with such a system of labor uch a course of instruction, led by professors who are well trained vho have faith in their cause, can do a work of increasing and imurable importance in developing in its students a close sympathy een labor of the hands and of the head, in giving them strong and hful bodies, minds freed from fogs of error and well stored with ledge of the world in which they must live and work, and a moral acter grounded on the truth and righteousness that inhere in the er, not ourselves, that everywhere pulsates in matter and in man. GRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN, December 4, 1889.

MICHIGAN MINING SCHOOL, HOUGHTON, MICHIGAN.

From sketch furnished by Director WADSWORTH, December, 1889.

ORGANIZATION.

The Michigan Mining School, located at Houghton, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, was established by an act of the legislature of Michigan, approved May 1, 1885.

The passage of the act for the creation of the Mining School was largely due to Hon. Jay A. Hubbell; and he seems first to have entertained the idea of establishing the school. The act of May 1, 1885, was introduced and advocated by him. It appropriated $25,000 for the equipment and maintenance of the school until the next session of the legislature.

The act establishing the Michigan Mining School authorized the gov ernor of the State to appoint six trustees, who, among other things— including the management and control of the school and its financeswere authorized to locate the same at some point in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and the then governor, Hon. R. A. Alger, appointed Thomas L. Chadbourne, of Houghton; J. N. Wright, of Calumet; John Senter, of Eagle River; Alfred Kidder, of Marquette; C. H. Cady, of Iron Mountain; and Hon. John H. Foster, of Meridian, as such trustees under the act. These gentlemen were all heartily in accord with Mr. Hubbell as to the necessity for such an institution of learning in their midst. Most of them were practical mining men, and all entered with zeal and alac rity upon the discharge of their official duties, with a determination to make the school a success.

The first meeting of the trustees was convened at Houghton, Mich. on the 15th day of July, 1885, and by a resolution then passed by: unanimous vote the Michigan Mining School was located at Houghton in the county of Houghton and State of Michigan.

If the school was to be a permanent institution it needed a suitabl building for its habitation and suitable apparatus and equipment t enable it to furnish facilities for the proper instruction of its students During this session of the legislature Mr. Hubbell secured the passag of an act appropriating $75,000 for the purpose of erecting a suitabl building for the Michigan Mining School on a site to be donated for thɛ

se, and also a further appropriation of $17,500 for its maintenance the next session of the legislature.

der the direction of the trustees a commodious and handsome ure for the school, capable of accommodating 100 students, was ed on land given by Mr. Hubbell.

1887, owing to the resignation of Messrs. Cady and Foster, of the of control, Messrs. Chas. E. Wright, of Marquette, and Graham of Houghton, were appointed upon the board. Mr. Wright was geologist and a practical mining engineer, as well as conversant he technical courses and methods employed in the mining schools rmany. His death in the spring of 1888 was a very serious loss to ichigan Mining School. Mr. J. M. Longyear, of Marquette, was nted as his successor.

ides the legislative appropriation the school has received a fund 000 from Mrs. C. A. Wright to establish a scholarship in comration of her late husband, Mr. Chas. E. Wright, of the board of ol.

1889 the legislature of Michigan appropriated $60,000 for the ment of the new building and $44,000 for its running expenses.

BOARD OF CONTROL.

nes North Wright, Calumet, president; Thomas Lincoln Chade, Houghton, secretary; Graham Pope, Houghton; John Monroe year, Marquette; Alfred Kidder, Marquette; John Senter, Eagle ; Allen Forsyth Rees, Houghton, treasurer.

FACULTY.

e school was organized and commenced September 15, 1886. AlWilliams, jr., was elected principal of the school and instructor in gy and mining, with John C. Hoffman as instructor in mathematics rawing, and Robert L. Packard, A. M., as instructor in chemistry. Williams was a graduate of Princeton, and had been for a numf years connected with the U. S. Geological Survey in charge of epartment of mineral resources of the United States.

the close of the school year Mr. Williams and Mr. Hoffman both ned, and the following changes were made in the faculty. M. E. sworth was elected director and professor of petrography, geology, mineralogy, and R. M. Edwards as professor of mining and enging. In 1888 the faculty was increased by the addition of Mr. Fred. arpless as instructor in chemistry and metallurgy, and Mr. R. C. r as instructor in mathematics. In 1889 the faculty was as follows: rshman Edward Wadsworth, A. M., PH. D., director and professor neralogy, petrography, and geology. Robert Lawrence Packard, , professor of chemistry and assaying. Richard Mason Edwards, , professor of mining and engineering. instructor in chemistry and metallurgy.

Fred Fraley Sharpless, Richard G. G. Moldenke,