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The admission of women made new demands on the alread burdened treasury. In the medical department women and m to be taught in different classes and this increased the work of fessors of the school, who, in consequence, expected increased s Moreover, the literary department needed more room and new ment and greater facilities. The homeopathic question was ye tled to the satisfaction of the legislature, but the regents, made their acquiescence to the wish of the lawmakers in one respe asked for an appropriation for new buildings and were rewarded grant of $75,000.

Of course such a gift had great significance outside of the fa it provided the university with the needed accommodations. looked upon as the beginning of a policy of complete recogniti support by the State.

During the years of President Frieze's administration seve uable gifts added to the material wealth and increased the equ of the university. In 1870 Mr. Philo Parsons, of Detroit, pu for the library the collection of books and pamphlets belon Professor Rau, of Heidelberg University. This library of son volumes and 5,000 pamphlets is a very valuable collection of for work in political economy and social science. The art galler had been founded and furnished about 1856 chiefly through the mentality of Dr. Frieze, and which had prospered under his g care, now received several gifts of value. A second applicatio J. B. Angell was more successful than the first, and he was ind accept the presidency of the university in 1871. He was inau in June of that year, and in the autumn following entered u active discharge of the duties of the office. Dr. Frieze's admini was a successful one. The two years during which the un had an acting president were active and progressive ones for the tion.

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CHAPTER IX

PRESIDENT ANGELL'S ADMINISTRATION, AS FAR AS JUNE, 1891.

President Angell's' administration began August 1, 1871, and has continued to the present time. He entered upon his duties at a time critical in the develop ment of the university, for the institution was beginning a new era. The diploma system and coeducation involved new problems, and the recent gift to the university from the legisla ture foreshadowed a wonderful and glorious career for a real State institution, if, in the years which followed, affairs were conducted in a bold yet conciliatory spirit, calculated to make the most of opportunities and to lead to the highest ideals. Such in a word has been the history

'James Burrill Angell was born in Scituate, R. I., January 7, 1829. He entered Brown University in 1845, and graduated with the highest honors of his class four years later. For some years after graduation he was engaged in teaching and in traveling in the south as well as in continuing to pursue his studies. In 1851 he went to Europe and spent two years in travel and study. Thence he was recalled to take the chair of modern languages and literature in Brown University. This post he filled with gratifying success. In 1860 he resigned his professorship and became editor of the Providence Journal. Hon. Henry B. Anthony had been elected United States Senator in 1858 and for two years Mr. Angell had written leading articles for the paper while carrying on his college work. But in 1860 he took entire editorial charge and conducted the journal during the whole period of the war, throughout which the paper was an active and cheerful supporter of the Government. His keen love of literary pursuits was mingled with a capacity for affairs which enabled him to make the paper a literary as well as a financial success. In 1866 he accepted the presidency of the University of Vermont. He was offered the presidency of the University of Michigan in 1869 and refused it, but accepted in 1871 a second call to the position, which he still holds. In 1880 he was appointed by President Hayes minister plenipotentiary to China and president of a commission of three sent out for the purpose of making a treaty with the Chinese Government. This they succeeded in doing to the satisfaction of our own Government and he returned to his duties in the university in February, 1882. Again in the autumn of 1887 he was called to other than academic duties, and was appointed a commissioner to act with Secretary Bayard and Hon. W. L. Putnam in negotiating with the commissioners of Great Britain a treaty for the settlement of the fishery troubles which had been agitating the country intermittently since the foundation of the Government. President Angell has delivered numerous lectures and addresses, most of them in relation to college topics or in connection with his university duties. Articles from his pen have appeared in many of the leading periodicals of the country. In 1888 he wrote for the Critical and Narrative History of America, edited by Justin Winsor, a 66 History of diplomacy" covering the period of our history from 1789 to 1850.

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of the university since 1871. A firm grasp of affairs, a prog tendency which has known no backward step, have been coupl a wise conservatism and consideration which have made friends and in every particular dignified the university in the eyes of th try and endeared it to the hearts of the citizens of the Stat feels in attempting to recount the history of the past 20 yea simply drawing a comparison between the condition of things beginning and the end of that period; but such a course, while i fitly present results, would omit the element of slow, continuou which after all has been the glory of the present adminis Briefly, therefore, the progress will be given with some regard f nological sequence.

The success of the diploma system and its good influence on ship in collegiate work have been suggested in the preceding A careful watch over the admission of students and a careful ba of requirement and preparation have been necessary, and the care has been given.1

The admission of women to the privileges of the university spoken of in the preceding chapter, and the results of that in were given somewhat in detail. But it must be remember the good results have come largely as a direct consequence of management of the present administration, which has remov culties and incumbrances by tactful appreciation of their prese Since the gift above mentioned was made by the legislature to versity, aid has been given generously. It is not necessary in thi to recount in detail every item of financial assistance thus Suffice it to give a general idea of the amounts and the manne gifts. Since 1867 the university has received from the State not $1,800,000. All of this has not been given by special acts of tion. In 1873 the legislature repealed the act heretofore me whereby an annual sum of $15,000 was granted, and enacted th after the university should receive one-twentieth of a mill on ea of taxable property in the State. Of course this sum has increas State has increased in wealth. For instance, in the year endi 30, 1874, there was received on account of State aid, act of sum of $23,250. For the year ending June 30, 1889, there was

In the year 1888 the number of diploma schools was as follows: 1. For courses leading to all degrees-22, including 5 not in the State of 2. For courses leading to A. B., B. S., and B. L.-2, both not in the Stat igan.

3. For courses leading to Ph. B., B. S., and B. L.-14, including 3 in Ch 3 others not in the State of Michigan

4. For courses leading to A. B. and Ph. B.—1, not in the State of Michig

5. For courses leading to A. B. and B. L.-2, including 1 not in the State

igan.

6. For courses leading to Ph. B. and B. L.-2.

7. For courses leading to B. S. and B. L.-3.

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the sum of $47,272.50. The legislature has been requested at various times so to alter this act that the receipts will be one-tenth instead of one-twentieth of a mill. But it has been urged in opposition to this that the regents ought annually to appear before the people's representatives, state their condition, and make known their wants. To this may be answered that there is no likelihood that the gift of one-tenth of a mill will obviate the desired necessity of such appeals, and moreover, as a matter of economy and business interest, it is plain that the university would prosper better by having its income sure and subject to as few caprices and fluctuations as possible. The regents as well as the faculty have always heartily desired to keep in sympathetic contact with the people of the State. It is for the best interest of all and there is no fear that any aid in the establishment of a permanent fund will tempt the authorities to blind their eyes to the al advantages of that for which they have been continuously and earnestly striving since the foundation of the university.

In 1873 the legislature granted $25,000 for the completion of University Hall and $13,000 to cover a deficit for that year. In 1875 the university was given, by special legislation, the sum of $59,000, designated for different purposes, hereafter discussed, and the same general course of legislation has continued to the present time, the legislature at each biennial session looking carefully into the needs of the university, at times visiting the institution in a body, the better to become acquainted with its capacities and its limitations, and giving without stint when it seemed necessary. A committee of each house is appointed at each regular session whose special business it is to take into consideration the needs of the university.

In 1875 the regents were authorized to establish a school of mines and a professorship of architecture; and in order to enable the board to put such an idea into execution the sum of $21,000 was voted for the two college years 1875-'76, 1876-77. Such a school was organized by the board. Special appropriation for its support was not made, however, in 1877, and after an uncertain existence for a year or two, during which time a few students were graduated, it had to be abandoned for want of funds to carry it on.

Various efforts on the part of the legislature, as well as of many people in the State, to induce the board to establish a professorship of homeopathy in the medical school have already been mentioned. The question was one of more or less vitality after 1855, the regents persisting in their refusal to attempt anything like a coalition of the different schools of medicine. Agitation succeeded agitation. The courts were appealed to. Writs of mandamus were demanded. There were petitions in great number. But the regents stood fast in opposition. Their constant answer was: "No professor of the old school can teach in a school where homeopathy is taught, without absolute professional

called, will attend such a school." The end of the matter w in 1875 the legislature, which had been asked to make approp for other purposes, yielding to these requests, passed also a law izing the board to establish a homeopathic college, a branch or ment of the university, for the support of which the treasure State was ordered to pay out of the general fund the sum of $6, year, beginning January 1, 1876.

In accordance with this act, steps were immediately taken founding of such a school, and it was opened for the reception dents October 1, 1875, 22 students entering upon their work time. The school at present is in a flourishing condition, with a of 5 active professors, besides assistants, and having 73 stu attendance for the college year 1888-'89. A hospital building, in 1879, gives facilities for practical work and insight int practice.

A hospital for the use of the medical schools was erected the citizens of Ann Arbor once more generously contributing purpose, in addition to the sums granted by the legislature. the schools of medicine has now an amphitheater for clinical in connection with its own hospital building. There are now in of construction two new hospitals, built at an expense of not $90,000.

In 1875 money was granted the board for the purpose of a dental department, and students were received for the coll 1875-76, 20 students being then enrolled. The school has ously developed in popularity ard in thorough and complete ins In the college year 1890-'91 there were in attendance 132 s The school has a reputation for giving thorough instruction, drawing a number of students from England, where its diplo ceived as proof of thorough professional training.

In June, 1884, the terms of instruction were made nine mon But to meet the requirements of the constantly increasing der dental science and to accommodate students who desire a dental education, the course of instruction was extended to t college years of nine months each, to take effect on and from 1, 1889.

Another department of the university was established in 18 school of pharmacy was organized as a separate department has been a continuous demand for more room and greater Besides the students who are pursuing their professional wor department, the laboratory is used by students of the literary ment who are carrying on courses of individual and original and by the medical and dental students. Additions have been various times. A large addition has just been completed, ma laboratory one of the very largest in the country. In the year

there were 106 students in the departme