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16. When est or erat comes at the beginning of a sentence, we generally say, it is, it was, there is, or there was: erant arbores in horto, means there-were trees in the-garden.

17. A few short words, like -que, and, are written as if they were part of another word. They are called Enclitics.

IV. The Flood.

Postquam Noëmus ingressus-est arcam cum

Noah

had-entered

ark

cónjuge, tribus filiis, et tótidem núribus, aquæ

his-wife,

three

daughters-in-law,

maris et ómnium fontium erupérunt. Simul

of-the-sea

fountains

broke-forth

plúvia ingens cécidit per quadraginta dies, et tóti

rain

great

fell

forty

dem noctes. Aqua opéruit universam terram, ita ut

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Omnia absumpta-sunt dilúvio: arca autem, suble

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fenéstram arcæ, et emísit corvum, qui non est

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ad Noëmum, qui extendit manum, et intulit eam

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in arcam. Columba, rursum emíssa, áttulit in

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Noëmus egressus-est ex arcâ, postquam ibi inclú

went-out

shut-up

sus fúerat per annum totum, ipse et familia ejus:

had-been

year 2

whole 1 himself

family

eduxit secum aves cétera-que animántia.

led-out with him birds

other

his:

Tum

erexit altáre, et óbtulit sacrificium Dómino. Deus

built

altar

sacrifice

to

dixit illi: "Non delébo posthac genus hóminum;

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fœderis mei, nec unquam dilúvium erit, ad perden

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18. In a Latin verb there are six Tenses, in two groups or sets: Present, Imperfect, Future; Perfect, Pluperfect, FuturePerfect. The first set are called tenses of the Present Stem; the second set, tenses of the Perfect Stem.

19. A Tense shows the Time when any thing was done or happened; whether it is Present, Past, or Future.

20. There are two past tenses in a Latin verb, the Perfect and the Imperfect: in English, the same tense serves for both. In the verb esse, to be, fui and eram both mean I was.

21. The Perfect, in Latin, is used to tell that any thing happened at a particular time; the Imperfect, to describe how any thing was at that time: so we should say,

heri fuit in horto, ubi erant aliquot flores, yesterday he was in the garden, where there were a few flowers.

22. The Perfect tense (fui) is often translated have been ; and the Imperfect (eram), used to be. The Perfect, fecit, is he made; the Imperfect, faciebat, he was making.

23. In the Active Voice of all verbs, and in all the tenses except the Perfect, the First Person singular ends in o or m; the Second in s, and the Third in t; in the plural, the endings are mus, tis, nt. These endings stand instead of the Pronouns, which we must use in English.

24. When the meaning is given by à change in the ending of a word, it is called INFLECTION. Latin is a language of many inflections; and English, of very few inflections.

25. In all verbs, the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future-Perfect are inflected like fui, fueram, fuero. Thus from

amo, I love; amāvi, amavĕram, amavĕro.
facio, I make; feci, fecĕram, fecero.

cado, I fall; cecidi, cecidĕram, cecidĕro.
fero, I bear; tuli, tulĕram, tulĕro.

The perfect ending ēre is often circumflexed; as, fuêre,

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FUT. esto, thou shalt be; or, estōte, ye shall be.

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PRES. esse, to be.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PERF. fuisse, to have been.

FUT. fore (or futurus esse), will or would be.

FUTURE PARTICIPLE. futurus, a, um, going to be.

MOODS.

26. The tenses given before were all in the Indicative Mood. The Indicative Mood is used to tell of any thing.

27. The Subjunctive Mood is often used after such words as if, when, though, so that, I wish, and in many other ways. It is generally translated in English by the Indicative; sometimes with the words may, might, would, or should (called Potential), and is sometimes used for the Imperative.

We use the Subjunctive Mood in English, when we say, "if it be so," "I wish he were here," "it were better not to do it; " where it is more common to say is, was, or would-be.

28. The Imperative Mood is used in giving Orders, Directions, or Laws: es (or sis) memor means, be mindful; ita esto, be-it so, or it-must-be so.

29. The Infinitive Mood is generally used after other verbs: as,

volo esse cum fratre, I-wish to-be with [my] brother.
vidētur fuisse lætus, he-seems to-have-been glad.

putāvi ita fore, I-thought it-would-be so.

30. A Participle is a word that belongs to a noun, like an Adjective, but has partly the meaning of a Verb. It is sometimes used to make the tenses of a verb; as we say, he was coming, instead of he came.

For example, there is no Future Subjunctive in Latin; but we may use the Future Participle with the Present Subjunctive sim: thus,

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futurus sim
futurus sis

futurus sit

futuri simus

futuri sitis

futuri sint

This is sometimes called the Future Subjunctive.

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31. In this list, the words mi fili are in the Vocative Case. When we speak to a person, his name is in the Vocative.

32. The Vocative is the same as the Nominative, except in the singular of some masculine nouns that end in us: the vocative of Carolus, Charles, is Carole; the vocative of Georgius, George, is Georgi.

33. Words which are used only as exclamations, like ecce, behold! are called INTERJECTIONS.

NOTE.

v. Abraham and Isaac.

- The Figures refer to the Sections in the foregoing Lessons.

Deus fecit fœdus cum Abrahámo his verbis:

covenant

in-these

words

"Exi 28 e domo paternâ, désere patriam, et pete

Go-out

house your-father's forsake native-land

regionem quam datúrus 30 sum pósteris tuis:

country

going-to give

to-your descendants

seek

nam

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cælum; dinúmera stellas, si potes: tua progénies

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tans 30 fidem Abrahami, dixit ei: "Abrahame, tolle

ing

faith

of

to-him

take

filium tuum únicum, quem amas, et immole eum

only

whom you-love

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