RULES OF SYNTAX.-I.

1. NOUNS meaning the same thing agree in Case (APPOSITION). 2. ADJECTIVES agree with Nouns in Gender, Number, and Case. Possessive Adjectives stand for the genitive of Pronouns, and in any case may have a Genitive in apposition (§ 46, 3).

3. RELATIVES agree with their Antecedents in Gender, Number, and Person.

4. A VERB agrees with its Subject in Number and Person. Two or more Singular Subjects also Collective Nouns, with quisque and uterque take a plural verb (§ 49, i.).

5. One Noun governs another in the GENITIVE signifying Origin or Possession (§ 50, i.; iii., 1).

6. Words meaning a Part are followed by the Genitive of the word denoting the Whole (§ 50, ii).

These include several Adverbs, and neuter Adjectives or Pronouns: as, satis, parum; multum, plus; quid, aliquid, &c.

7. Certain Genitives of Quantity, as magni, pluris, and the like, are used to express indefinite Value (§ 54, ix., 1, 2).

8. Some words of Memory and Feeling, Fullness and Want, — also many Verbal Adjectives, and Participles used as Adjectives, govern the Genitive (50, iii., 1, 2, 3; iv., 1, 3).

So the Verbs misereor, miseresco, and satago; the Impersonals miseret, poenitet, pudet, taedet, and piget; refert and interest; with recordor, memini, reminiscor and obliviscor, which may also govern the Accusative (§ 50, iv., 1, rem.).

9. Verbs of Accusing and the like take the Genitive of the Charge or Penalty (§ 50, iv., 2).

10. The DATIVE is generally used for the Indirect Object, or for the Person whose interest is concerned. In particular,

Words of Likeness, Fitness, and Nearness govern the Dative. 11. Verbs signifying to favor, help, command, obey, serve, resist, threaten, be angry, pardon, envy, and trust, govern the Dative.

Of these are adversor, credo, faveo, fido, impero, invideo, noceo, parco, pareo, placeo, servio, studeo, suadeo (persuadeɔ); also, compounds of satis, bene, and male.

12. The verb esse, to be, with its compounds (except posse and abesse), governs the Dative in the sense of Possession, Nearness, Help, &c. (§ 51, vi., viii.).

13. Verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, re, sub, super, govern the Dative (§ 51, v.).

14. Verbs of Comparing, Giving, Declaring, and Taking away, govern the Accusative and Dative (§ 51, ii.).

15. Words implying Purpose or End take a secondary object in the Dative (§ 51, vii.).

RULES OF SYNTAX. . II.

16. The ACCUSATIVE is the case of the Direct Object of a Transitive Verb (§ 52).

17. The Subject of the Infinitive Mood is in the Accusative.

18. Length of Time and extent of Space are put in the Accusative (§ 55, i, ii.).

19. Verbs of Asking and Teaching govern two Accusatives. 20. The ABLATIVE is used of Cause, Manner, Means, Instrument, and Price (§54, i., ii., ix.).

21. The Voluntary Agent after a Passive Verb is in the Ablative with a or ab; but after the Gerundive, it is in the Dative.

22. Words denoting Separation, and Plenty or Want, - also opus and usus, signifying need,-govern the Ablative (§ 54, vi.). 23. Participles denoting Birth or Origin-as natus, satus, ortus, editus, and the likegovern the Ablative.

24. The Adjectives dignus, indignus, with the Verbals contentus, fretus, praeditus &c. govern the Ablative (§ 54, iv.). 25. The Deponents utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and dignor, with many of their compounds, govern the Ablative.

26. The Comparative Degree is followed by the Ablative. 27. Degree of Difference or Distance is put in the Ablative. 28. Time when is put in the Ablative (§ 55, i.).

29. The Subject and Predicate of a subordinate clause are often put in apposition in the Ablative (ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE § 54, x.).

30. The name of the Place where is put in what is called the Locative Case: this is generally in form like the Genitive or Dative (§ 55, iii., 3).

31. The name of the Place whither is in the Accusative; of the Place whence in the Ablative. But with names of Countries, Prepositions are always used to express where, whither, or whence.

32. One Verb governs another in the INFINITIVE (§ 58, iv.). The Infinitive, with Subject-Accusative, is especially used after verbs of Knowing, Thinking, Hearing, and Telling (§ 52, vi.).

33. The Infinitive is often used for the tenses of the Indicative in narration (HISTORICAL INFINITIVE § 49, iii.).

34. Conjunctions which simply connect sentences, or parts of sentences, are followed by the same Case or Mood as that which goes before.

35. Conjunctions - also Relatives-implying Purpose or Result, require the Subjunctive Mood (§§ 64, 65).

Thus

36. Ut (that), ne, quo, quin, quominus; also quasi, velutsi, utinam, O si; licet, cum (since or though), dum (until), and dummodo, are followed by the Subjunctive (§§ 62, 63, 64, 65). For the government of PREPOSITIONS, see §§ 42, 56.

NOTE. - The Conjugation of the Verbs is represented thus:

amo, amāre, amāvi, amātum;

moneo, monēre, monui, monitum; duco, ducere, duxi, ductum;

audio, audire, audīvi, auditum.

Words which are marked ‡ belong to late or modern Latin.

agellus argumentum.