were immediately assaulted by the militia, and routed. The Americans took from the enemy 1000 muskets, 900 swords, several pieces of cannon, and a large quantity of baggage. The militia, well equipped from these spoils, marched on to join the regular troops at the mouth of the Mohawk. Burgoyne at length crossed the Hudson, and posted his army at Saratoga. The American general, soon after marched up the river and encamped at Stillwater, a few miles from the enemy.

16. On the 19th of September, a battle commenced at first between scouting parties, but soon both armies became engaged. The thunder of cannon, and the noise of conflict, continued till night, when the Americans retreated to their camp, and the British slept on their arms. The loss of the enemy was over 600 men ; that of the Americans, about half that number. next day the British general intrenched his army. He was now in great distress. His provisions began to fail, and his horses were already starving for want of fodder. His Indian forces began to desert him, and no assistance arrived from New-York as he expected,

The

17. In this condition he resolved to risk another battle. On the 7th of October he drew out a part of his men, and attacked the left of the American army. But Gates, who had been greatly strengthened by militia from all directions, watching all the movements of the enemy, led on his men to the battle with the greatest ardor. Arnold soon put the right of the British to rout, seized their cannon, and drove the troops into their intrenchments. The whole American line

16. What took place on the 19th of September?

17. What on the 7th of October? What distinguished British general was killed?

He was in some of the principal engagements previous to the battle of Bennington. When Baum was sent to get possession of the stores at Bennington, Stark was fortunately at, or near that place, on his way to the main army, with 1400 militia, most of whom were denominated "Green Mountain Boys." As he led on these brave fellows to the attack, pointing to the enemy-" Boys," said he, you see our foes. We shall beat them;-or, my wife will be a widow to-night." It was enough; and the result showed that his troops were animated by the same spirit as their leader. For this brilliant achieve ment, he was appointed brigadier-general. He died in 1822. He was an excellent soldier, and a citizen of unblemished character.

assailed the enemy with desperate bravery, and before night stormed their intrenchments, and compelled the British to retreat. Many of the enemy were killed, and many were taken prisoners. Among the slain was Frazer, a distinguished general, and several other valuable officers of the British army.

18. Burgoyne now resolved to retreat with his forces without delay. But he soon found himself surrounded by the Americans, and all the passes strongly guarded. He was destitute of provisions, his troops were exhausted, and a destructive fire from the enemy was constantly pouring in upon his camp. While he, with his officers, was holding a council, a cannon ball is said to have crossed the table around which they were seated. In this state of distress it was resolved to surrender the whole army. Bourgoyne immediately opened a negotiation with the American general, and articles of stipulation were agreed upon on the 7th of October. The British were to deliver up all their

18. What did Burgoyne now resolve to do? What happened while he and his officers were sitting in council? When did Burgoyne surrender his army?

arms, baggage, and stores. to the Americans, and return to England, on condition of not serving against the United States during the war. The loss of the British since the siege of Ticonderoga, had amounted to about 9000 men. General Gates, in honor of his great victory, received the thanks of congress, and a gold medal.

19. In the mean time, Sir Henry Clinton had sent an army of 3,000 men, under General Vaughan, up the Hudson; but instead of hastening to the relief of Burgoyne, he spent his time in plundering and burning the villages along the river. The glorious success of the northern army spread universal joy through the nation, and the large quantity of arms, ammunition, &c., taken from the enemy, well supplied the Americans with the means of prosecuting the war.

20. We now return to the affairs of Washington's army. Soon after his retreat to Philadelphia, he again marched out his troops to give battle to the enemy, but a violent storm which unfitted their arms for use, prevented. Washington, with a part of his army, crossed the Schuylkill, and soon after, the other division under General Wayne,* was attacked and defeated. It was now impossible to prevent the march of the enemy into the city of Philadelphia. The inhabitants had already removed the magazines and public stores; and congress had adjourned to Lancaster. On the 25th of September, the British took possession of the city.

21. A part of the British army remained in the city, and the remainder took post at Germantown. Washington, taking advantage of the divided situation of the enemy, on the night of October 3d, sent several divi

19. What had Sir Henry Clinton done in the mean time? What did Vaughan do?

20. When did the British take possession of Philadelphia? 21. Describe the attack on the British at Germantown.

Anthony Wayne was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1745. He was ap pointed brigadier-general in 1776. He was engaged in numerous battles, and was ever distinguished for bravery, skill, and intrepidity. In 1792, he suc ceeded St. Clair in the command of the army employed against the Indians. It is said of him that "his name was a host." He died in 1796.

sions to attack the British at Germantown, in front and rear. Next morning two detachments assaulted the enemy on the right and left. But the other divisions which were to attack them in the rear did not arrive in time; so that the troops were divided, and vigorously repulsed by the enemy. In their confusion many were killed, and many taken prisoners. The loss on the American side was about 1200; that of the enemy, 500.

22. The Americans at this time had strong garrisons in the fortresses at Red Bank, and on Mud Island. These were repeatedly assaulted by the British; and after the loss of several hundred men, they succeeded in taking them. The British fleet could now come quite up to the city. The condition of Washington's troops was truly distressing. By their frequent marches, they had worn out their shoes and clothing. They might have been tracked, it is said, by the blood of their feet. The American army at length retired to winter quarters at a place called Valley Forge, about twenty-five miles from Philadelphia. The British army was quartered in the city.

EVENTS OF 1778.

1. The defeat of Burgoyne, and the surrender of his army, struck all Europe with astonishment. The people of England were exceedingly mortified and indignant. Complaints and reproaches were constantly poured forth against the ministry and parliament. Ă plan of reconciliation was at once proposed, and commissioners sent to restore peace between the revolted

22. Where was Red Bank? A. On the Delaware river, seven miles south of Philadelphia. Where is Mud Island? A. It is seven miles below Philadelphia, in the Delaware river. It is strongly fortified. What was the condition of Washington's army? To what place did they retire for winter quarters? Where did the British winter?

1. What effect did the defeat of Burgoyne produce in Europe?

colonies and the mother country. France, who had hitherto hesitated, now openly acknowledged the Independence of the United States, and entered into alliance with them. A fleet was soon sent to America to aid in the war against Great Britain. Other nations of Europe soon acknowledged the national character of the United States.

2. The members of congress had found it necessary to frame a league, by which their power might be increased, and their authority enforced. For this purpose they adopted articles of confederation" which were approved by each state. By these, congress was authorized to declare war, to conclude peace, contract alliances, and act as a sovereign head to the nation. Congress now took more vigorous measures to improve the order and discipline of the troops. They elected an inspectorgeneral to superintend the tactics of the army.

3. In the spring, commissioners arrived from England, and offered terms of reconciliation. But congress were firm in the purpose to maintain the independence of the nation. The commissioners, bent on the accomplishment of their object, resorted to bribery. An offer of ten thousand pounds sterling was made to General Reed, if he would bring about a reconciliation. He replied in the true spirit of freedom, "I am not worth purchasing, but such as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough to buy me."

4. The conduct of the British in stirring up the cruel savages to ravage the American frontiers, was altogether unworthy of a great and civilized nation.

2. What power did the "articles of confederation" confer on congress? Who was elected inspector-general? A. The Baron Steuben. He was a native of Prussia, and had served many years in the armies of Frederick the Great. He came to America in 1776, and by his knowledge of the military tactics of Europe, rendered the most essential service to the army. He died at Steubenville, in the state of New-York, in 1794.

3. Who arrived in the spring of 1778? What offer did they make to General Reed? His reply? Would you have done as he did? 4. What do you think of the conduct of the British in instigating the Indians to butcher the Americans? Who was murdered by them?