of the person described in the certificate of naturalization, which must be submitted for inspection, and must set forth the facts of emigration, naturalization and residence, as required in the rules governing the application of a naturalized citizen.

10. A RESIDENT OF AN INSULAR POSSESSION OF THE UNITED STATES WHO OWES ALLEGIANCE TO THE UNITED STATES.-In addition to the statements required by rule 4, he must state that he owes allegiance to the United States, and that he does not acknowledge allegiance to any other government, and must submit affidavits from at least two credible witnesses having good means of knowledge in substantiation of his statements of birth, residence and loyalty. No fee is required for the issuance by the Department of an insular passport.

11. EXPIRATION AND RENEWAL OF PASSPORT.-A passport expires six months from the date of its issuance. A new one will be issued upon a new application, accompanied by the old passport, and, if the applicant be a naturalized citizen, the old passport will be accepted in lieu of a certificate of naturalization, if the application upon which it was issued is found to contain sufficient information as to the naturalization of the applicant. Passports are not renewed by the Department, but a person abroad holding a passport issued by the Department may have it renewed for a period of six months upon presenting it to a diplomatic or principal consular officer of the United States, when it is about to expire, with a sworn statement of the names of the countries which he expects to visit and the objects of his visits thereto. No passport shall be renewed more than twice.

12. WIFE, MINOR CHILDREN, AND SERVANTS.—When the applicant is accompanied by his wife, minor children, and maid-servant, who is a citizen of the United States, it will be sufficient to state the fact, giving their names in full, the dates and places of their births, and the allegiance of the servant, when one passport will suffice for all. For a man-servant or any other person in the party a separate passport will be required. A woman's passport may include her minor children and maid-servant under the above-named conditions.

(The term "maid-servant" does not include a governess, tutor, pupil, companion, or person holding like relation to the applicant for a passport.)

13. TITLES.-Professional and other titles will not be inserted in passports.

14. BLANK FORMS OF APPLICATION.-They will be furnished by the Department free of charge to persons who desire to apply for passports. Supplies of blank applications are also furnished by the Department to clerks of courts.

15. ADDRESS.-Communications should be addressed to the Department of State, Bureau of Citizenship, and each communication should give the post-office address of the person to whom the answer is to be directed.

16. ADDITIONAL REGULATION.-The Secretary of State is authorized to make regulations on the subject of issuing and granting passports additional to these rules and not inconsistent with them.1

To become effective February 1, 1915.

THE WHITE HOUSE,

12 January, 1915.

WOODROW WILSON.

1 The italics indicate the provisions which constitute amendments of previously issued passport rules.

§ 220. Circular Instruction Concerning New Passport Regulations. Washington, December 21, 1914.

To the

American Diplomatic and Consular Officers.

GENTLEMEN:

In confirmation of the Department's recent telegraphic instructions to diplomatic and certain consular officers concerning the preparation of applications for Departmental and emergency passports, and the issuance of the latter, the following instructions are given for your guidance. These instructions are prescribed in pursuance of the passport regulations signed by the President November 13, 1914.

EVIDENCE OF CITIZENSHIP AND IDENTIFICATION

Conditions precedent to the granting of a passport are, under the law and rules prescribed by authority of the law, that the citizenship of the applicant, his identity, and, as a rule, his permanent residence in the United States and definite intention to return to it, with the purpose of performing the duties of citizenship, shall satisfactorily be established. (See circular instruction of July 26, 1910, entitled "Protection of Native Americans Residing Abroad," and circular instruction of April 19, 1907, entitled "Expatriation," as amended by circular instruction of May 14, 1908.) Exceptions to the latter condition may be made in some cases by special direction of the Department, particularly in cases of persons residing abroad as representatives of American trade and commerce and as missionaries of American church organizations.

The applicant should, if possible, be introduced by a reputable person known to the office which takes the application, or, if this is impossible, he should be required to identify himself by satisfactory documentary evidence. In doubtful cases references to persons in this country should be required, so that the Department may make proper enquiries concerning the applicants.

Emergency passports and consular registration certificates should not be accepted as conclusive evidence of citizenship. In this relation it may be observed that in some cases such documents have been issued hastily and without proper examination into the citizenship and identity of the applicants, especially during the period immediately following the outbreak of the present European war.

NATIVE AMERICAN CITIZENS

In taking the passport application of a person alleging native citizenship, you should require the applicant to submit a birth certificate, if possible, or letters or other documents satisfactorily establishing his citizenship. The nature of the evidence submitted to you must be stated in the passport application.

NATURALIZED AMERICAN CITIZENS

A person claiming citizenship by naturalization must be required to submit his certificate of naturalization or a certified copy of the court record thereof, or an old passport issued by the Department, and his passport application must state the name of the court

in which he obtained naturalization and the date thereof. If any such person is unable to submit such documentary evidence of his naturalization, you should inform the Department of the name of the court in which he alleges that he obtained naturalization and the date thereof, so that the Department may take steps to verify his allegation.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF APPLICANTS

Each applicant for a passport must submit triplicate unmounted photographs of himself on thin paper, not larger than three by three inches in size, one to be attached to each of his applications by the officer before whom they are executed, and the third to be attached to the passport and to be partly stamped with an impression of the seal of the issuing office.

An application forwarded to the Department for a regular passport must necessarily be accompanied by a loose photograph of the applicant in addition to the one attached to the application, so that the former may be attached to the passport, with an impression of the Department's seal.

NAMES OF COUNTRIES APPLICANTS EXPECT TO VISIT AND OBJECTS OF VISITS

Each application must state the names of the countries which the applicant expects to visit and the object of the visit. The statement concerning the object of the applicant's visit should be general in form, thus: "commercial business," "health," "study," "visiting relatives," "recreation," "settling an estate," etc.

With reference to the statement "commercial business," you are instructed that no mention should be made of the exact nature of the business in which the applicant is engaged; that is, it would be improper to state the name or names of the concerns which the applicant represents or the nature of the goods which he expects to purchase or sell. (The form of the statement written upon the faces of passports is quoted below.)

ISSUANCE OF EMERGENCY PASSPORTS

Diplomatic and consular officers authorized to issue emergency passports should exercise the greatest caution in doing so, and should require of each applicant unquestionable evidence of his citizenship and identity. A photograph of the applicant should be attached to the passport (in the upper left hand corner) with an impression of the seal of the issuing office, which should be so placed as partly to cover one side but not the features. The following statement should be made upon the face of the passport (in the upper right hand corner):

"The person to whom this passport is issued has declared under oath that he desires it for use in visiting the countries hereinafter named, for the following objects:

“This passport is not valid for use in other countries except for necessary transit to or from the countries named."

Rubber stamps should be used in making the above form of statement. When an American citizen, sojourning abroad and holding a passport limited for use in certain countries, finds it necessary to visit another country, not mentioned therein, he may turn in the passport which he holds at the American Embassy, Legation, or Consulate authorized to issue emergency passports in the country where he is sojourning, and obtain an emergency passport limited for use in the particular trip which he has in view. Upon his return, he may surrender such emergency passport and recover the passport which he previously held. It is not proper for one person to hold two valid passports.

In the issuance of emergency passports under the conditions just mentioned the same rules should be observed as in the issuance of emergency passports in general. AMENDMENT OF PASSPORTS ISSUED PRIOR TO THESE REGULATIONS American citizens holding valid passports issued prior to these regulations should be notified, through the press or otherwise, to present themselves to a diplomatic or consular office within two weeks, if possible, so that their passports may be amended to conform with the new passport regulations. The Department has reason to believe that there are some persons abroad holding emergency, and perhaps Departmental, passports to which they are not entitled. Therefore, when a passport is presented to you for amendment in accordance with the new regulations, you should examine the holder carefully and require him to submit the same evidence of his citizenship and identity which would be required of him were he making an original application for a passport. If any holder of a passport appears to be not entitled to it, you should retain the passport, investigate the case, and inform the Department fully of the pertinent facts and your conclusions.

All holders of emergency passports who expect to continue their residence abroad for a considerable period, should be notified to apply forthwith for regular Departmental passports.

W. J. BRYAN.

On Feb. 8, 1915 the Department issued new circular instructions to diplomatic and consular officers advising them of the changes effected by the passport regulations of January 12, 1915, particularly the six-months' duration of the passport, with possibility of two renewals, and empowering them to amend the statement in the passport concerning the countries to be visited and the objects of the visits. The power to thus amend regular passports dispenses to a considerable degree with the necessity for issuing emergency passports, as authorized in the general instructions of December 21, 1914.

OTHER FORMS OF EVIDENCING CITIZENSHIP

§ 221. Certificate of Naturalization.

The certificate of naturalization as an evidence of citizenship emanates from the judicial department of the government, and is not

used so freely as the passport as an international warrant of citizenship or protection. It is, when properly issued, the best evidence of naturalization, and its presentation is the customary method by which naturalized citizens before international commissions establish their citizenship. While occasionally presented to foreign governments as an evidence of American citizenship, it is most frequently used as evidence before the Department of State or before American diplomatic and consular officers as a title to a passport or to diplomatic protection or registration. A naturalized citizen applying for a passport must present his certificate of naturalization, or a duly certified copy of the court record thereof. Under an amendment of paragraph 154 of the Instructions to Diplomatic Officers, diplomatic officers may receive an old passport in lieu of a certificate of naturalization as prima facie evidence that the applicant's citizenship was established, and issue thereon an emergency passport. This applies also to persons who claim citizenship through the naturalization of the parent. The extent to which a certificate of naturalization is binding upon municipal and international courts and upon the Department of State and foreign governments as a proof of citizenship and the circumstances under which it may be impeached will be discussed presently.1

§ 222. Certificate of Registration.

Certificates of registration are issued by consuls to American citizens who register at the consulates in conformity with paragraph 172 of the Consular Regulations, as amended by the Executive Order of April 8, 1907.2 Following the practice of several European countries, notably Belgium, Spain and Portugal, the Department of State has encouraged the registration of American citizens resident abroad by providing a registration book in each consulate. Such registration has important legal effects under the statute of the United States by which American women abroad, the widows or divorcees of aliens, and foreign-born women, the widows or divorcees of American citizens, may resume or retain, as the case may be, their American citizen

2 Circular, April 19, 1907, Registration of American Citizens, For. Rel., 1907, I, 6.