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The President may order reserve officers to active duty at any time and for any period: but except in time of a national emergency expressly declared by Congress, no reserve officer shall be employed on active duty for more than fifteen days in any calendar year without his own consent. reserve officer shall not be entitled to pay and allowances except when on active duty. When on active duty he shall receive the same pay and allowances as an officer of the Regular Army of the same grade and length of active service, and mileage from his home to his first station and from his last station to his home, but shall not be entitled to retirement or retired pay.

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Reserve Officers' Training Corps—The President is authorized to establish and maintain in civil educational institutions a Reserve Officers' Training Corps, one more units in number, which shall consist of a senior division organized at universities and colleges granting degrees, including State universities and those State institutions that are required to provide instruction in military tactics under the Act of Congress of July 2, 1862, donating lands for the establishment of colleges where the leading objects shall be practical instruction in agriculture and the mechanic arts, including military tactics, and at those essentially military schools not conferring academic degrees, specially designated by the Secretary of War as qualified, and a junior division organized at all other public and private educational institutions, and each division shall consist of units of the several arms, corps, or services in such number and such strength as the President may prescribe. The Secretary of War is authorized to maintain camps for the further practical instruction of the members of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, no such camps to be maintained for a longer period than six weeks in any one year, except in time of actual or threatened hostilities to transport members of such corps to and from such camps at the expense of the United States so far as appropriations will permit, to subsist them at the expense of the United States while travelling to and from such camps and while remaining therein so far as appropriations will permit.

The President alone, under such regulations as he may prescribe, is authorized to appoint as a reserve officer of the Army of the United States any graduate of the senior division of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps who shall have satisfactorily completed training, or any graduate of the junior division who shall have satisfactorily completed the course of military training prescribed for the senior division and the further training provided for in this Act, and shall have participated in such practical instruction subsequent to graduation as the Secretary of War shall prescribe, who shall have arrived at the age of twenty-one years and who shall agree, under oath in writing, to serve the United States in the capacity of a reserve officer of the Army of the United States during a period of at least five years from the date of his appointment as such reserve officer, unless sooner discharged by proper authority: Provided, That no reserve officer appointed pursuant to this Act shall be entitled to retirement, or to retired pay, and shall be eligible for pension only for disability incurred in line of duty In active service or while serving with the Army pursuant to provisions of this Act.

Training Camps-The Secretary of War is authorized to maintain, upon military reservations or elsewhere, schools or camps for the military instruction and training, with a view to their appointment as reserve officers or non-commissioned officers, of such warrant officers, enlisted men, and civilians as may be selected upon their own application.

The Enlisted Reserve Corps-The Enlisted Reserve Corps shall consist of persons voluntarily enlisted therein. The period of enlistment shall be three years, except in the case of persons who served in the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps at some time between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918, who may be enlisted for one year periods and who, in time of peace, shall be entitled to discharge within ninety days if they make application therefor. Enlistments shall be limited to persons eligible for enlistment in the Regular Army who have had such military or technical training as may be prescribed by regulations of the Secretary of War. The President may form any or all members of the Enlisted Reserve Corps into tactical organizations similar to those of the Regular Army, similarly armed, uniformed, and equipped, and composed so far as practicable of men residing in the same locality, may officer them by the assignment of reserve officers or officers of the Regular Army, active or retired, and may detail such personnel of the Army as may be necessary for the administration of such organizations and the care of Government property issued to them.

Members of the Enlisted Reserve Corps may be placed on active duty, as individuals or organizations, in the discretion of the President, but except in time of a national emergency expressly declared by Congress no reservist shall be ordered to active duty in excess of the number permissible under appropriations made for this specific purpose, nor for a longer period than fifteen days in any one calendar year without his own consent. While on active duty they shall receive the same pay and allowances as other enlisted men of like grades and length of service.

THE NATIONAL GUARD.

Original enlistments in the National Guard shall be for a period of three years and subsequent enlistments for periods of one year each: Provided, That persons who have served in the Army for not less than six months, and have been honorably discharged therefrom, may, within two years after the passage of this Act, enlist in the National Guard for a period of one year and re-enlist for like periods.

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Men enlisting in the National Guard of the several States, Territories, and the District of Columbia, shall sign an enlistment contract and subscribe to the following oath of enlistment: "I do hereby acknowledge to have voluntarily enlisted this - -day 19-, as a soldier in the National Guard of the United States and of the State of - for the period of three (or one) year, under the conditions prescribed by law, unless sooner discharged by proper. authority. And I do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the United States of America and to the State of and that I will serve them honestly and faithfully against all their enemies whomsoever, and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United

States and of the Governor of the State of and of the officers appointed over me according to law and the rules and Articles of War."

An enlisted man discharged from service in the National Guard, except when drafted into the military service of the United States under this Act, shall receive a discharge in writing in such form and with such classification as is or shall be prescribed for the Regular Army, and in time of peace discharges may be given prior to the expiration of terms of enlistment under such regulations as the President may prescribe.

Each enlisted man belonging to an organization of the National Guard shall receive compensation at the rate of one-thirtieth of the initial monthly pay of his grade in the Regular Army for each drill ordered for his organization where he is officially present and in which he participates for not less than one and one-half hours, not exceeding eight in any one calendar month, and not exceeding sixty drills in one year: Provided, That no enlisted man shall receive any pay under the provisions of this section for any month in which he shall have attended less than 60 per centum of the drills or other exercises prescribed for his organization: Provided further, That this Act shall not operate to prevent the payment of enlisted men actually present at any duly ordered drill or other exercise: And provided further, That periods of any actual military duty equivalent to the drills herein prescribed (except those periods of service for which members of the National Guard may become lawfully entitled to the same pay as officers and enlisted men of the corresponding grades in the Regular Army) may be ac cepted as service in lieu of such drills when so provided by the Secretary of War.

Persons hereafter commissioned as officers of the National Guard shall not be recognized as such under any of the provisions of this Act unless they shall have been selected from the following classes, and shall have taken and subscribed to the oath of office prescribed in this Act-Officers or enlisted men of the National Guard; officers, active or retired, reserve officers and former officers of the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps ; enlisted men and former enlisted men of the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps, who have received an honorable discharge therefrom; graduates of the United States Military and Naval Academies; and graduates of schools, colleges, universities, and officers' training camps, where they have received military instruction under the supervision of an officer of the Regular Army who certified their fitness for appointment as commissioned officers; and for the technical branches or Staff Corps and departments, such other civilians may be specially qualified for duty therein.

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NATIONAL GUARD RESERVE.

Hereafter, men duly qualified under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of War may enlist in the National Guard Reserve for a period of one or three years, under such regulations as the Secretary of War shall prescribe, and on so enlisting they shall subscribe to the following enlistment contract and take the oath therein specified: "I do hereby acknowledge to have voluntarily enlisted this - day of 19-, as a soldier in the National Guard Reserve of the United States and of the State of for a period of one (or three)

year, unless sooner discharged by proper authority, and I do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the United States of America and to the State of and that I will serve them honestly and faithfully against all their enemies whomsoever, and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and of the Governor of the State of and of the officers appointed over me according to law and the rules and Articles of War."

Members of said reserve, officers and enlisted men, when engaged in field or coast defense training with the active National Guard, shall receive the same Federal pay and allowances રીક those occupying like grades on the active list of said guard when likewise engaged: Provided further, That, except as otherwise specifically provided in this Act, no commissioned or enlisted reservist shall receive any pay or allowances out of any appropriation made by Congress for National Guard purposes.

Pay for the National Guard Officers-Captains and Lieutenants belonging to organizations of the National Guard shall receive compensation at the rate of one-thirtieth of the monthly base pay of their grades as prescribed for the Regular Army for each regular drill or other period of instruction authorized by the Secretary of War, not exceeding five in any one calendar month, at which they shall have been officially present for the entire required period, and at which at least 50 per centum of the commissioned strength and 60 per centum of the enlisted strength attend and participate for not less than one and one-half hours. Captains commanding organizations shall receive $240 a year in addition to the drill pay herein prescribed. Officers above the grade of Captain shall receive not more than $500 a year, and officers below the grade of Major, not belonging to organizations, shall receive not more than four-thirtieths of the monthly base pay of their grades for satisfactory performance of their appropriate duties under such regulations as the Secretary of War may prescribe.

National Guard When Drafted Into Federal Service-When Congress shall have authorized the use of the armed land forces of the United States for any purpose requiring the use of troops in excess of those of the Regular Army, the President may, under such regulations, including such physical examination, as he may prescribe, draft into the military service of the United States, to serve therein for the period of the war or emergency, unless sooner discharged, any or all members of the National Guard and of the National Guard Reserve. All persons so drafted shall, from the date of their draft, stand discharged from the militia, and shall be subject to such laws and regulations for the government of the Army of the United States as may be applicable to members of the Army, whose permanent retention in the military service is not contemplated by law, and shall be organized into units corresponding as far as practicable to those of the Regular Army or shall be otherwise assigned as the President may direct. The commissioned officers of said organizations shall be appointed from among the members thereof officers with rank not above that of Colonel to be appointed by the President alone, and all other officers to be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Officers and enlisted

men while in the service of the United States under the terms of this section shall have the same pay and allowances as officers and enlisted men of the Regular Army of the same grades and the same prior service. On the termination of the emergency all persons so drafted shall be discharged from the Army, shall resume their membership in the militia, and, if the State so provide, shall continue to serve in the National Guard until the dates upon which their enlistments entered into prior to their draft would have expired if uninterrupted.

Insignia.-Insignia denoting rank of officers of the Military Service consist of shoulder, sleeve and collar devices, chevrons, hat cords and special insignia. (See colored plate: Insignia of Rank U. S. Army.)

Wound and Service Chevrons.-Gold Chevron on right sleeve below elbow, insignia of wound.

Gold on left sleeve below elbow, six months in theatre of military operations.

Blue on left sleeve below elbow, less than six months but more than three months in theatre of operations.

. Silver on left sleeve below elbow, six months of service in the United States.

Green and red shoulder cord, member of unit cited as a whole by the French Government to receive the War Cross.

Red Shoulder Cord, member of unit cited as a whole by the French Government for the Legion of Honor.

Medals. Strips of a prescribed length of 1% inches are army service ribbons, standing for medals and campaign badges which the bearer is entitled to wear, as follows:

Congressional medal of honor-White stars on a field of light blue.

Certificate of merit badge-Two red, white and blue bands, separated by a thin band of white, the blue being outermost.

Philippines Congressional Medal-Blue band in centre flanked by bands of white, red, white and blue, the latter outermost.

Civil War-Campaign ribbon of equalsized bands of grey and blue.

Indian Wars-Bright red, with narrow edges of deeper red.

Spanish Campaign-Alternating stripes of yellow and blue.

Philippine Campaign-Blue band in centre, flanked by narrower bands of red, blue edges.

Cuban Occupation-Blue in centre, flanked by narrow yellow, then broader red and blue borders.

Cuban Pacification-Broad olive drab centre, flanked by three narrow stripes of blue, white and red, the latter outermost.

China Campaign-Broad band of yellow with narrow border of blue.

Ribbons for gallantry are worn farthest to the left, followed by campaign ribbons. in order of chronology.

Following is a complete list of the commanders of the army since 1775, together with their respective ranks and the period of command:

Gen. George Washington, June 17, 1775, to Dec. 23, 1783.

Maj. Gen. Henry Knox, Dec. 23, 1783, to June 20, 1784.

Capt. John Doughty (artillery), June 20, 1784, to Aug. 12, 1784.

Maj.-Gen. Henry Dearborn, Jan. 27, 1812, to June 15, 1815.

Maj. Gen. Jacob Brown, June 15, 1815, to Feb. 24, 1828.

Maj. Gen. Alexander Macomb, May 29, 1828, to June 25, 1841.

Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott, July 5, 1841, to Nov. 1, 1861.

Maj. Gen. George Brinton McClellan, Nov. 1, 1861, to March 11, 1862.

Maj.-Gen. Henry Wager Halleck, July, 23, 1862, to March 9, 1864.

Gen. Ulysses Simpson Grant, March 9, 1864, to March 4, 1869.

Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, March 8, 1869, to November 1, 1883.

Gen. Philip Henry Sheridan, Nov. 1, 1883, to Aug. 5, 1888.

Schofield,

Lleut-Gen. John McAllister Aug. 14, 1888, to Sept. 29, 1895. Lieut.-Gen. Nelson Appleton Miles, Oct. 5, 1895, to Aug. 8, 1903.

Lieut.-Gen. Samuel B. M. Young, Aug. 8, 1903, to Jan. 9, 1904.

Lieut.-Gen. Adna R. Chaffee, Jan. 9, 1904, to Feb. 1, 1906.

Lleut.-Gen. John C. Bates, Feb. 1, 1906, to Sept. 15, 1906.

Lleut.-Gen. Arthur McArthur, Sept. 15, 1906, to June 2, 1909, when he was retired under the operation of the law, and the rank became extinct.

Re-adjustment of Army for War against Germany. The announcement of the War Department concerning the re-adjustment of American forces sent to Europe to fight against Germany was as follows:

"The ratio of artillery strength to infantry is greatly increased. A division will hereafter include only four infantry regiments in two brigades in place of the old division of three brigades, each compris ing three regiments of infantry. There will still be three regiments of field artillery in each division. Thus, in the new organization, there will be three regiments of field artillery to every four regiments of infantry instead of the ratio of three to nine. In addition, a trench mortar battery is attached to each division.

"The machine gun arm is also materially enlarged. A machine gun battalion of four companies has been made a unit of each division, in addition to the three machine gun companies included in each regiment.

"The American division will be made by this order to conform practically to the units utilized by the Entente Allies, among whom a division numbers approximately 19,000 men. The reason for the change is that the division as heretofore made up of about 28,000 men is too unwieldy for the demands of trench warfare. With so large

a unit, sure and swift communication with all parts is difficult. The problem to be met was basically one of mobility for the peculiar needs of fighting on the western front.

"The smaller sized units call for maintenance of all units at full fighting strength. For this purpose reserve battalions will be provided. These will consist of 612 men each and are listed in the general order as 'separate training battalions.' The number of these battalions has not been made public Details of regimental organization are also withheld for military reasons.

"The new order provides for army corps and armies, units which have practically existed only on paper since the Civil War. Corps were organized during the Spanish war, but were not actually operated as such to any great extent.

"Each army corps will consist of three infantry divisions, corps headquarters, and certain army corps troops not specified. Each army will normally consist of three or more army corps, army headquarters, and certain army troops not specified.

"Under the new order each infantry division will be composed as follows, the changes from the present organization being as indicated:

"One division headquarters (same as at present).

"One machine gun battalion of four companies (new).

"Two infantry brigades of two regiments and one machine gun battalion (four companies) each. (The present division is three infantry brigades of three regiments each.)

"One field artillery brigade of three regiments and one trench mortar battery (same, except trench mortar battery is new).

"One field signal battalion (same). "One train headquarters and military police (same).

"One ammunition train (same). "One supply train (same).

"One engineer train (same, except that pontoon and searchlights sections are not included in new plan).

"One sanitary train of four field hospital companies and four ambulance companies (same).

"The new organization provides for no cavalry in the division. The division as at present constituted calls for one regiment of cavalry. The present division also calls for one aero squadron, while the new plan calls for none, the aircraft units being otherwise provided for.

"The order specifies sixteen divisions of the national army to be organized and numbered from 76 to 91, both inclusive, and states the numbers to be given to each of the different units in each division. It provides that the sixteen divisions of the National Guard now organized shall be reorganized to conform to the new plan as soon as practicable after their arrival in the training camps.

"The regular army, the National Guard, and the national army will all conform to the same plan."

At maximum strength, an Infantry division will comprise 103 officers and 3,652 men, as follows:

The machine gun company has 6 officers. and 172 men. It consists of the headquar ters (3 officers and 21 men), 3 platoons (each with 1 officer and 46 men), and a train (13 men). Its armament is 12 machine guns of heavy type and 4 spare guns.

The number of men and officers in the infantry division is as follows:

1 division headquarters

1 machine-gun battalion of 4 companies

2 Infantry brigades, each composed of 2 Infantry regiments and 1 machine-gun battalion of 3 companies

164

768

.16,420