BOMBARDMENT OF COPENHAGEN........... THE SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE'S ARMY AT SARATOGA, Oct. 17, 1777.. CAPTAIN LAWRENCE. THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO. GROUP OF MAHRATTAS, 1818. VIEW IN ALGIERS.. AT SEBASTOPOL-THE FIGHT WITHIN THE SANDBAG BATTERY. THE BATTLE OF GRAVELOTTE...... THE ENGLISH BATTLESHIP "INFLEXIBLE”. THE BAHR-EL-GAZELLE........ CHINESE ARTILLERY IN ACTION... THE ATTACK OF THE JAPANESE AFTER CROSSING THE YALU........ ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN THE CHINESE IRONCLAD "CHEN YUEN" AND THE JAPA- VISCOUNT ITO, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE COMBINED SQUADRONS.. ...... COUNT OYAMA, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF SECOND ARMY.... LIEUTENANT-GENERAL YAMAJI, COMMANDER OF FIRST PROVINCIAL DIVISION.... .... SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT, N. G. N. Y., DISEMBARKING TO TAKE TRAIN FOR TAMPA..... THE PRESIDENT'S REVIEW AT CAMP ALGER, VA., MAY 28, 1898.... A LINE OF TRANSPORTS AT TAMPA TO CONVEY TROOPS TO CUBA. FIRST PRIZE OF THE WAR-U. S. GUNBOAT "NASHVILLE" AND SPANISH STEAMER "BUENA VENTURA", TORPEDO BOAT "PORTER" CHASING A SUSPICIOUS SAIL.. UNITED STATES TROOPS LANDING AT BAIQUIRI.... .... UNITED STATES AND CUBAN SOLDIERS BATHING ON THE BEACH NEAR SANTIAGO MOVING WOUNDED FROM THE FRONT AT SANTIAGO, JULY 2................ TROOPS MARCHING THROUGH SAN FRANCISCO TO EMBARK FOR THE PHILIPPINES THE "ZEALANDIA" LEAVING SAN FRANCISCO WITH TROOPS FOR THE PHILIPPINES THE PROTECTED CRUISER "OLYMPIA," ADMIRAL DEWEY'S FLAGSHIP.. AT CAMP WYKOFF CEMETERY.............. UNITED STATES MARINES FORMING A SKIRMISH LINE.. THE AMERICAN PEACE COMMISSIONERS..... BATTLE OF OMDURMAN-THE FIGHT FOR THE KHALIFA'S STANDARD.. ASSAULT BY GENERAL KITCHENER'S TROOPS ON THE KHALIFA'S CAPITAL. THE CAPTURE OF THE GUNS AT COLENSO. BATTLE OF SPION KOP, JANUARY 23, 1900... A SORTIE FROM LADYSMITH........ TROOPS AT PASIG RIVER FIRING BY VOLLEY.. UTAH BATTERY IN ACTION ON MCCLOUD HILL.......... GUNBOAT "LAGUNA DE BAY" IN ACTION BELOW PASIG. CHAPTER XXII THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE THE RED ALLIES-GATES AND ARNOLD AT SARATOGA - BUR- A. D. 1776-1783 HE war of American Independence has been, is, and will be, regarded as one of the most significant in history. TH It was the first instance in modern times of the successful revolt of a colony against the mother-country. It was followed by a series of more or less similar revolts, which stripped France of her largest remaining colony in the western world, and deprived Spain of the whole of her possessions on both continents of this hemisphere. It created the first independent state on either American continent which had existed since the downfall of the great Indian kingdoms of Mexico and Peru in the sixteenth century. By depriving England of her most important colonies in this country, it shifted the center of gravity of her colonial empire from the western to the eastern hemisphere. Through the share taken by France in the struggle, and its influence on public opinion in that country, it contributed largely to the French Revolution, and thereby to the complete transformation of the political and social state of Europe, which has resulted therefrom, and which is still going It laid the foundation of a policy which is the first realization in history of a federal republic on a large scale; which exhibits features previously unprecedented in the records of political experi on. ence; but which has in turn been largely followed. It has virtually altered the whole theory of the relations of colonies to the mother-country. By splitting the English race into two nations, it has doubled its influence on the destinies of mankind. It was commenced and carried on by the British ministry in iniquity and folly, and it was concluded in disaster and shame. Its most important battle was that which resulted in Burgoyne's defeat at Saratoga in 1777, and which, by inducing the courts of France and Spain to attack England, insured the independence of this country. The five northern colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont were the strongholds of the insurrection. The feeling of resistance was less vehement elsewhere, though everywhere it was formidably strong. But it was from the descendants of the Puritans that the first armed opposition to the British crown came, and it was by them that the most stubborn determination was displayed. In 1775 they had forced the British troops to evacuate Boston and to transfer their theater of operations to New York. The English, however, had a considerable force in Canada, and the year following completely repulsed an attack which our forces made on that province. The British ministry resolved to avail themselves, in the next year, of the advantage which the occupation of Canada gave them, not merely for the purpose of defense, but for the purpose of striking a vigorous and crushing blow. With this view the army in Canada was largely re-enforced. Seven thousand veteran troops were sent out from England, with a corps of artillery abundantly supplied and led by select and experienced officers. Large quantities of military stores were also furnished for the equipment of the Canadian volunteers, who were expected to join the expedition. It was intended that the force thus collected should march southward by the line of the lakes, and thence along the banks of the Hudson River. The British army from New York (or a large detachment of it) was to make a simultaneous movement northward, up the line of the Hudson, and the two expeditions were to unite at Albany. By these operations, all communication between the northern colonies and those of the center and south would be |