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His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias: His Excellency Mr. Alexandre Savinsky, His master of ceremonies, His present counsellor of state, His envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stockholm.

His Majesty the King of Siam: His Excellency Phya Akharaj Varadhara, His envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at London, The Hague, and Brussels; Mr. Wm. J. Archer, C. M. G., His counsellor of legation;

Who, after having deposited their full powers, which have been found to be in good and due form, are agreed to that which follows:

CHAPTER I.

RAW OPIUM.

Definition: By raw opium shall be understood the spontaneously coagulated sap obtained from capsules of the soporific poppy (Papaver somniferum), and which shall not have been subjected to any but the processes necessary to the packing and the transportation thereof.

ARTICLE 1. The contracting powers shall enact efficacious laws or regulations for the control of the production and distribution of raw opium, unless existing laws or regulations have already regulated the matter.

ARTICLE 2. The contracting powers, taking into account the differences in their trade conditions, shall limit the number of towns, ports, or other places through which the importation or exportation of raw opium shall be permitted.

ARTICLE 3. The contracting powers shall take measures:

(a) to prevent the exportation of raw opium to countries which shall have prohibited the entry thereof; and

(b) to control the exportation of raw opium to countries which shall have limited the importation thereof,

Unless existing measures have already regulated the matter. ARTICLE 4. The contracting powers shall issue regulations to provide that every package containing raw opium destined for exportation shall be marked in such a manner as to indicate its contents, providing the consignment shall exceed 5 kilograms.

ARTICLE 5. The contracting powers shall not permit the importation and exportation of raw opium except through duly authorized persons.

CHAPTER II.

PREPARED OPIUM.

Definition: By prepared opium shall be understood the product of raw opium obtained by a series of special processes, particularly by dissolution, boiling, heating, and fermentation, and which is meant to be made into the form of an extract suitable for consumption. Prepared opium comprises dross and all other residues of smoked opium.

ARTICLE 6. The contracting powers shall take measures for the gradual and efficacious suppression of the manufacture, the internal

traffic in, and the use of prepared opium in so far as the different conditions peculiar to each nation shall allow of this, unless existing measures have already regulated the matter.

ARTICLE 7. The contracting powers shall prohibit the importation and exportation of prepared opium; however, those nations which are not yet ready to prohibit the exportation of prepared opium at once shall prohibit such exportation as soon as possible.

ARTICLE 8. The contracting powers which are not yet prepared to prohibit at once the exportation of prepared opium:

(a) Shall limit the number of towns, ports, or other places through which it shall be possible for prepared opium to be exported;

(b) Shall prohibit the exportation of prepared opium to the countries which now prohibit or which shall later prohibit the importation thereof;

(c) Shall prohibit, in the meanwhile, that any prepared opium be sent to a country which desires to limit the entry thereof, unless the exporter shall conform to the regulations of the importing country;

(d) Shall take measures to the effect that each package exported containing prepared opium shall bear a special mark indicating the nature of its contents;

(e) Shall not permit the exportation of prepared opium except through the agency of persons especially authorized.

CHAPTER III.

MEDICINAL OPIUM, MORPHINE, COCAINE, ETO.

Definitions: By medicinal opium shall be understood raw opium which shall have been heated to 60° C., whether or not powdered or granulated, or whether or not mixed with neutral substances, and which shall not contain less than 10 per cent of morphine.

By morphine shall be understood the principal alkaloid of opium, expressed by the chemical formula C1,H,,NO3.

By cocaine shall be understood the principal alkaloid of the leaves of erythroxylon coca, expressed by the formula C1H2NO.

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By heroin shall be understood morphine-diacetylate, expressed by the formula C2, H2,NO5.

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ARTICLE 9. The contracting powers shall enact pharmacy laws and regulations in such a way as to limit the manufacture, the sale, and the use of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts to medical and legitimate uses only, unless existing laws or regulations have already regulated the matter. They shall cooperate amongst themselves in order to prevent the use of these drugs for any other purpose.

ARTICLE 10. The contracting powers shall use their best efforts to control, or to cause to be controlled, all those who manufacture, import, sell, distribute, and export morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the buildings where such persons exercise that industry or that commerce.

To this end the contracting powers shall use their best efforts to adopt or to cause to be adopted the following measures, unless existing measures have already regulated the matter:

(a) To limit the manufacture of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts to the premises and localities alone which shall have

been authorized to this effect or to keep themselves informed as to the establishments and places where such drugs are manufactured, and to keep a register thereof.

(b) To demand that all those who manufacture, import, sell, distribute, and export morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts shall be provided with an authorization or a license to carry on these operations, or shall make an official declaration thereof to the competent authorities.

(c) To demand of these persons to register on their books the quantities manufactured, the importations, the sales or any other transfer and exportations of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts. This rule shall not apply necessarily to medical prescriptions and to sales made by duly authorized pharmacists.

ARTICLE 11. The contracting powers shall take measures to prohibit in their internal commerce all transfer of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts to all nonauthorized persons, unless existing measures have already regulated the matter.

ARTICLE 12. The contracting powers, taking the differences in their conditions into account, shall use their best efforts to limit the importation of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts to authorized persons.

ARTICLE 13. The contracting powers shall use their best efforts to adopt, or cause to be adopted, measures to the end that the exportation of cocaine, morphine, and their respective salts from their countries, possessions, colonies, and leased territories to the countries, possessions, colonies, and leased territories of the other contracting powers, except in case the persons for whom the drugs are intended shall have received authorizations or permits granted in conformity with the laws or regulations of the importing country.

To this end every government may from time to time communicate to the governments of the exporting countries lists of the persons to whom authorizations or permits to import morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts shall have been granted.

ARTICLE 14. The contracting powers shall apply the laws and regulations for the manufacture, importation, sale, or exportation of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts:

(a) To medicinal opium;

(b) To all preparations (officinal and nonofficinal, including the so-called antiopium remedies) containing more than 0.2 per cent of morphine or more than 0.1 per cent of cocaine;

(e) To heroin, its salts and preparations containing more than 0.1 per cent of heroin;

(d) To every new derivative of morphine, cocaine or their respective salts or to any other alkaloid of opium which might after generally recognized scientific investigations give rise to similar abuse and to result in the same injurious effects.

CHAPTER IV.

ARTICLE 15. The contracting powers having treaties with China (treaty powers) shall take, in concert with the Chinese Government, the measures necessary for the prevention of the smuggling, as well with respect to Chinese territory as with respect to their colonies in the Far East and the leased territories which they occupy in

China, of raw and prepared opium, morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as of the substances indicated in article 14 of the present convention. On its side the Chinese Government shall take analogous measures for the suppression of the smuggling of opium and the other substances hereinbefore indicated, from China to foreign colonies and leased territories.

ARTICLE 16. The Chinese Government shall promulgate pharmacy laws for its subjects, regulating the sale and distribution of morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts and of the substances indicated in article 14 of the present convention, and shall communicate these laws to the Governments having treaties with China, through the intermediary of their diplomatic representatives at Pekin. The contracting powers having treaties with China shall examine these laws, and, if they find them acceptable, shall take the necessary measures to the end that they be applied to their nationals residing in China.

ARTICLE 17. The contracting powers having treaties with China shall undertake to adopt the measures necessary for the restraint and control of the opium-smcking habit in their leased territories, "settlements," and concessions in China, for the suppression pari passu with the Chinese Government of the opium divans or similar establishments which may still exist there, and for the prohibition of the use of opium in houses of amusement and of prostitution.

ARTICLE 18. The contracting powers having treaties with China shall take effective measures for the gradual reduction, pari passu with the effective measures which the Chinese Government shall take to the same end, of the number of shops, intended for the sale of raw and prepared opium, which may still exist in their leased territories, settlements, and concessions in China. They shall adopt efficacious measures for the restraint and control of the retail trade in opium in the leased territories, settlements, and concessions, unless existing measures have already regulated the matter.

ARTICLE 19. The contracting powers who have post offices in China shall adopt efficacious measures to prohibit the illegal importation into China, in the guise of a postal package, as well as the illegal transmission from one locality to another in China through the intermediary of these post offices, of opium, whether raw or prepared, of morphine and of cocaine and their respective salts, and of other substances indicated in article 14 of the present convention.

CHAPTER V.

ARTICLE 20. The contracting powers shall examine into the possibility of enacting laws or regulations making the illegal possession of raw opium, prepared opium, morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts liable to penalties, unless existing laws or regulations have already regulated the matter.

ARTICLE 21. The contracting powers shall communicate to each other, through the Netherlands ministry for foreign affairs:

(a) The text of the laws and the administrative regulations in existence which concern matters aimed at by the present convention or enacted by virtue of its clauses;

(b) Statistical information with respect to that which concerns the traffic in raw opium, prepared opium, morphine, cocaine, and

their respective salts, as well as all other drugs or their salts or preparations aimed at by the present convention.

These data shall be furnished with as much detail and in as short a time as shall be deemed possible.

CHAPTER VI.

FINAL PROVISIONS.

ARTICLE 22. The powers not represented at the conference shall be permitted to sign the present convention.

To this end, the Netherlands Government shall invite, immediately after the convention shall have been signed by the plenipotentiaries of the powers who have taken part in the conference, all the powers of Europe and of America not represented at the conference, to wit, the Argentine Republic; Austro-Hungary; Belgium; Bolivia; Brazil; Bulgaria; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Republic of Cuba; Denmark; Dominican Republic; Republic of Ecuador; Spain; Greece; Guatemala; Republic of Haiti; Honduras; Luxemburg; Mexico; Montenegro; Nicaragua; Norway; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Roumania; Salvador; Servia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Uruguay; United States of Venezuela, to designate a delegate armed with the full powers necessary for the signing of the convention at The Hague. The convention shall be furnished with these signatures by means of a "Protocol of signature of powers not represented at the conference," to be added after the signatures of the powers represented and indicating the date of each signature.1

The Netherlands Government shall give notice every month, to all the signatory powers, of each supplementary signature.

ARTICLE 23. After all the powers, as much for themselves as for their possessions, colonies, protectorates, and leased territories, shall have signed the convention, or the supplementary protocol hereinbefore indicated, the Netherlands Government shall invite the powers to ratify the convention together with this protocol.

In case the signature of all the powers invited shall not have been secured by December 31, 1912, the Netherlands Government shall immediately invite all the powers who have signed by that date to designate delegates to proceed to The Hague to examine into the possibility of nevertheless depositing their ratifications.

Ratification shall be executed within as short a time as possible and shall be deposited at once at The Hague in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

The Netherlands Government shall give notice every month to the signatory powers of the ratifications which it shall have received in the interval.

As soon as the ratifications of all the signatory powers, as much for themselves as for their colonies, possessions, protectorates, and leased territories, shall have been received by the Netherlands Government, this government shall give notice to all the powers who shall have ratified the convention of the date on which the last of such acts of ratification shall have been received.

ARTICLE 24. The present convention shall go into effect three months after the date mentioned in the Netherlands Government's

1 See "Note" on p. 224.

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