Inflorescence effusely elongated-paniculate: small flowers slender-pedicelled: scapes 2 or 3 feet high, the branches commonly subtended by leafy bracts: calyx reflexed: leaves ample, thin, : Denticulate, oval to elongated oblong, 4 to 8 inches long: filaments filiform. S. Forbesii. Acutely and unequally dentate, oblong-lingulate, often a foot long filaments clavate-dilated. S. erosa. Inflorescence corymbiform- or paniculate-cymose, open when evolute : plants mostly low and scape naked: leaves thickish, short and broad, not distinctly cuneate-attenuate at base, either dentate or only repand. Calyx erect or barely spreading after anthesis: pedicels of the dichotomal and pseudo-lateral flowers short, mostly shorter than the calyx: filaments filiform-subulate. Petals pale rose-color. Petals white. S. eriophora. S. Virginiensis. Calyx reflexed in or after anthesis, almost free: pedicels all slender and 2. Rhizomatose, the rootstock herbaceous and commonly slender: plants not bulbilliferous. Leaves roundish or oval, dentate, mostly abruptly (truncately or even subcordately) contracted into margined petioles: flowers small and numerous in an effuse compound panicle; its branches and pedicels divergent: petals more or less bimaculate. Calyx barely spreading: filaments filiform. S. Careyana. S. Caroliniana. Leaves cuneate and attenuate into margined petioles or contracted base, above incisely dentate. Calyx erect or barely spreading: filaments slender: flowers small and numerous leaves flabelliform-cuneate. Calyx reflexed: capsule often 3-5-carpellary. S. Dahurica. Filaments slender: capsule short and turgid: styles hardly any: : Filaments, or some of them, dilated upward: capsule narrower and Leaves mostly round-reniform, coarsely dentate, on long and naked or barely margined petioles, Small, usually rather flabelliform than reniform, 3-9-lobulate: petioles, scape (a span high, with few flowers in a loose corymbiform cyme), and rootstocks filiform: calyx erect: filaments filiform. S. nudicaulis. Larger, 7-27-lobulate-dentate: scape a span to a foot high: inflorescence thyrsoidly paniculate or in dwarf forms condensed: creeping rootstock thicker: calyx reflexed in fruit: filaments mostly dilated upward. S. punctata. 3. Not rhizomatose, but a scaly-bulbous crown, formed of the dilated-scarious bases of the long petioles, and producing fleshy bulblets in their axils: inflorescence also bulbilliferous: leaves and flowers nearly of the last preceding species. S. Mertensiana. 4. Ligneous-rhizomatose and cæspitose: leaves cuneate, lineate-veined, and rounded summit coarsely dentate, on slender wholly naked petioles of the length of the blade: inflorescence narrowly paniculate calyx-lobes reflexed: filaments slender: seeds cylindraceous. S. fragarioides. SAXIFRAGA HIERACIFOLIA, Waldst. & Kit., we have on this continent only on the Arctic coast. SAXIFRAGA FORBESII, Vasey, in the American Entomologist and Botanist (St. Louis, 1870), p. 288, is a quite distinct and local species, found only on shaded cliffs near Makanda in Southern Illinois, by Mr. S. A. Forbes. The founder compares it with S. Virginiensis, which grows also upon rocks; but it is more like S. erosa, which grows in and along mountain brooks. SAXIFRAGA ERIOPHORA, S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 372, is described from specimens collected in the Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona, in the year 1881, by Mr. and Mrs. Lemmon. It is nearest to S. Virginiensis; and the woolliness on the leaves, which suggested the name, hardly appears upon one of the two specimens. SAXIFRAGA VIRGINIENSIS, Michx. (which Linnæus confounded with S. nivalis), is now better known and defined, the high northern and far western species which has been confounded with it being discriminated from it. S. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad., 1861, 455, can only be referred to S. Virginiensis, nothing in the character excluding it, and apparently no specimen is extant. SAXIFRAGA REFLEXA, Hook, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 249, t. 85. This is now substantially identified, and may be distinguished from S. Virginiensis by the characters assigned in the above synoptical view; viz. the slender pedicels, reflexed calyx, and the commonly dilated or clavate filaments. The original is Arctic American, but it occurs in the northern part of the Rocky Mountains, thence to British Columbia, and southward along the Cascades and Sierra Nevada, throughout California even to its southern borders, where it has been confounded with S. Virginiensis. Mr. Muir collected it in Arctic Alaska; and in Eastern Asia it is well represented by S. Sachalinensis, Fr. Schmidt, Fl. Sachal. 133, which answers to Hooker's figure, while S. Tilingiana, Regel, Fl. Ajan. 94, appears to be a form with more petiolate and less dentate leaves, which may be matched by Californian specimens. SAXIFRAGA DAHURICA, Pall. (retaining Pallas's orthography), now that we rightly identify it, cannot claim a place in the N. American flora; but it may be expected in Arctic Alaska, for Charles Wright collected specimens of it (along with some of S. Lyalli) on an island upon the Asiatic side within Behring Strait. We have it from Ajan in Tiling's collection. SAXIFRAGA UNALASCHENSIS, Sternb. Saxifr. Suppl. ii. 9, which Engler appends to S. Dahurica, is an Aleutian and Arctic Alaskan species, recently collected by Dall and by Muir, also by Dr. Steineger at Copper Island on the Asiatic side. It must also be S. flabellifolia, R. Brown in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 569. SAXIFRAGA LYALLI, Engler, Monogr. Saxifr. 141, a well-marked species, of the northern Rocky Mountains, found also by C. Wright on the Asiatic side of Behring Strait. SAXIFRAGA NUDICAULIS, Don, Monogr. Saxifr. 366. This is S. neglecta, Bray in Sternb. Saxifr. Suppl. i. 9, ii. 36, as well as S. vaginalis, Turcz. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 220. Don's plant was collected by Nelson, probably in Arctic Alaska (as the name is now used), and Menzies collected it in the same region. Our specimens (coll. Dall and C. Wright) are from the Asiatic shore and islands, and from Ajan, by Tiling. Don's name and that in Sternberg were published in the same year (1822); but, as Don's memoir was "Read, Feb. 20, 1821," we may perhaps assume some priority in publication. SAXIFRAGA PUNCTATA, L. (with synonymy as detailed by Engler), is an unmistakable species. But it passes by many gradations into Var. NANA, an Arctic form, also high alpine in the more northern Rocky Mountains, with scape barely a span high, bearing a simple and small cyme or a close glomerule of few flowers, the leaves much reduced in size and only 7-11-lobulate. This abounds on the coast of Arctic Alaska, within Behring Strait, and answers to S. Nelsoniana, Don, only more dwarfed, and the inflorescence condensed; so that no one would refer it to S. punctata, except for the intermediate forms. Burke collected a similar form on the higher Rocky Mountains. Var. ACUTIDENTATA, Engler, is founded on a plant of Lyall's collection from "Cascade Mountains, South Clear Creek." A specimen in our herbarium which agrees with the character is ticketed "Rocky Mountains, lat. 49°, at 6,500 feet alt." It is a large form, with the slightly cordate base of the leaves abruptly decurrent into a partly winged petiole, the numerous teeth unusually coarse and acute: and some smaller leaves from the rootstock are cuneate. SAXIFRAGA FRAGARIOIDES, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club. viii. 121 (1881), a most peculiar species, is one of Mr. Pringle's discoveries, in the northern part of California, on a high mountain west of Mt. Shasta. "The leaves," as Mr. Greene states, "are a most precise imitation of the leaflets of the common Wild Strawberry, both as regards their form, color, texture, and even size." The scape is foliosebracteate, and the lignescent tufted rootstocks are peculiar. III. A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF PALEOZOIC ARACHNIDA. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER. Communicated June 11th, 1884. UNTIL a very recent period discoveries of fossil Arachnida in the older rocks had been exceedingly few, and the first and only attempt to show their relations to each other and to living forms was made in a recent paper by Karsch,* occasioned by his description of a new generic type. Yet the first discovery of carboniferous forms dates back to Corda, who described † a scorpion found by Sternberg at Chomle in Bohemia, a discovery which justly awakened at the time the widest interest. Karsch, in his brief attempt to bring into connected order the discoveries of the past, has established for the bulk of the species which do not belong to the scorpions the order Anthracomarti, divided into two families, the Architarboida and Eophrynoida. The following is a succinct account of his arrangement: ORDER 1. ARANEE. Body composed of two principal masses, of which the front (cephalothorax) is unsegmented, and the hinder (abdomen), unsegmented beneath, has at the most a single segmented dorsal plate. Fam. LIPHISTIOIDÆ Thor. Abdomen with segmented dorsum. Protolycosa anthracophila Roemer (Silesia). ORDER 2. OPILIONES. Body forming either a single mass or two segment-complexes, always separated into segments both above and below. Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., 1882, p. 556. ↑ Verhandl. Gesellsch. vaterl. Mus. Böhmen, 1835, p. 35. Fam. TROGULOIDÆ. Dorsal segments of the abdomen each with three transverse fields. Palpi and mandibles not visible from above. Kreischeria Wiedei Geinitz (Saxony). ANTHRAC ORDER 3. ANTHRACOMARTI Karsch. Body composed of two main divisions, of which the front one is unsegmented, the hinder segmented. Palpi visible from above. Fam. ARCHITARBOIDE Karsch. Number of abdominal segments equal above and below. Integument smooth. ARCHITARBUS Scudder. Cephalothorax and abdomen not separated by a lateral constriction. A. rotundatus Scudder (Illinois), A. subovalis Woodward (England), A. silesiacus Roemer (Silesia). ANTHRACOMARTUS Karsch. Cephalothorax and abdomen distinctly separated by a lateral con striction. A. Völkelianus Karsch (Silesia). Fam. EOPHRYNOIDÆ Karsch. Number of dorsal and ventral segments of the abdomen unequal, more numerous above. Integument tuberculate. Eophrynus Prestvicii (Buckl.) Woodward (England). Body separated into three main divisions, the cephalothorax unsegmented, the abdomen segmented and furnished with a segmented tailappendage (pcstabdomen). Eoscorpius anglicus Woodward (England), E. carbonarius Meek and Worthen (Illinois), Microlabis Sternbergi Corda (Bohemia), Cyclophthalmus senior Corda (Bohemia), Mazonia Woodiana Meek and Worthen (Illinois). While justified in the main in this arrangement, Karsch's definitions of the groups are both insufficient, and to some extent based on altogether subordinate characteristics. The discovery of new American |