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although the account of the river by which you may go to California, may have been subsequently added by Joliet himself. But the lower inscription is clearly an error, for La Salle did not reach the Mississippi by the Ohio, as there stated, but by the Illinois.

La Salle's expedition is better known perhaps than any of the former ones, from Father Hennepin's journal. I find amongst the collection of maps many relating to the Mississippi, and also several to the North-western waters running into Lake Winnepeg; but I have confined myself more especially to Canada and shall not pursue the subject any further. I have added, however, two maps relating to this period. One, bearing the date 1688, is very rude, but it is interesting as showing the principal settlements of the Iroquois south of Lake Ontario, which appears to have been the main object in view. The other has no date, but was evidently made a little earlier. It is clearly after 1678, as Fort Frontenac is set down, and it gives the portages by which Joliet reached, and returned from, the great River Colbert, as he calls it; but it cannot be of much later date, as it gives the Indian name of the Salmon River, at the south-east extremity of Lake Ontario, which after the sufferings of De LaBarre's expedition in 1683 was always called la Famine, and it makes no mention of Fort Niagara, which was built in 1685. It is a well executed map upon the whole, and interesting from the full detail which it gives of the habitats of the various Indian tribes. It is melancholy to look over it, and compare it with the earliest map in this collection, which is anterior to it by only about 40 years. The Iroquois wars had told their tale in the

et plusieurs petits fruits qui ne sont point en Europe. Dans les champs on fait lever des cailles, dans les bois on voit voler les perroquets, dans les rivières on prend des poissons qui nous sont inconnus pour leur goust, figure et grosseur.

Les mines de fer, les pierres sanguines qui ne s'amassent jamais que parmy le cuivre rouge n'y sont pas rares; non plus que l'ardoise, le salpetre, les marbres, et moulanges et charbon de terre pour le cuivre le plus grand morceau que j'ay veu estoit comme le poing, et tres purifié, il fut decouvert auprès des pierres sanguines qui sont beaucoup meilleurs que celles de France et en quantité. Tous les sauvages ont des canots de bois de 50 pieds le long; pour nourriture ils ne font pas d'etal de cerfs, ils tuent des bufles qui marchent par bandes de 30 et 50, meme j'en ay compté jusques à 400 sur le bord de la rivière, et les coqs d'inde y sont si communs qu'or n'en fait pas grand cas. Ils font des bleds d'inde la plus part trois fois l'année, et tous des melons d'eau pour se rafraichir pendant les chaleurs, qui n'y permettent point de glaces et fort peu de neiges. Ou auroit veu la description de tout dans mon journal si le bonheur qui m'avait toujours accompagné dans ce voyage ne m'cut manqué un quart d'heure devant que d'arriver au lieu d'ou j'estois party. J'avois évité tous les dangers des sauvages, j'avois passé 42 rapides et j'estois prest de debarquer avec toute la joye qu'on pouvoit avoir du succés d'une si longue et si difficile entreprise lorsque mon canot tourna hors des dangers, j'y perdis 2 hommes et ma cassette à la veue des premieres habitations françois que j'avois quittées il y avoit presque 2 ans, il ne me reste que la vie et la volonté pour l'employer à tout ce qui il vous plaira avec toute la joye possible.

Monseigneur,

Vostre très humble et très obeissant serviteur,

JOLIET.

mean time, and where Champlain indicates populous tribes we find here only Hurons, Eries, &c., "nation detruite."

The last map relating to Upper Canada is not copied from any old map, but represents Lake Ontario as it is, with the various names which are given in different maps and descriptions to localities on its shores, and I have added to it a somewhat enlarged copy of Creuxius’ topography of the Huron villages near Lake Simcoe.* There is considerable confusion in these different names. One name which is variously written as Tejajagon, Teyogagon, Terraiagon, &c., is generally placed in the neighbourhood of Toronto, but Hennepin gives a similar name to a place 17 leagues above Kingston, and one of the maps to a place on Burlington Bay. Another place called Ganaraské is apparently Port Hope, but Lahontan gives that name to Burlington Bay also. As for the names given in Creuxius's map, bearing date 1660, either to places on our shore of Lake Ontario, or to the Huron villages round Lake Simcoe, I have hardly been able to identify one of them with any name which appears elsewhere. The carrying place to Lake Simcoe does not appear to have been at Toronto, but at some place considerably to the east of it, at the Rouge perhaps, and its name with various modifications of spelling, may be called Ganatchikiagon. As for the name Toronto, in the earlier maps it is always given to Lake Simcoe, and in the Huron language seems to have meant much or multitude, but Creuxius calls Lake Simcoe Lacus Ouentaronius. I do not find Toronto applied to its present locality till a map, which illustrates the campaign which ended in Braddocks defeat in 1755, when there appears to have been a French Fort here.

The remaining map belongs to Lower Canada exclusively, and to a portion of it which, being under lease to the Hudson's Bay Company at the munificent rent of £50 a year, is hardly at all known at present. It bears date 1735, and professes to be the first map that ever was made of that region, which was the Crown domain. It is compiled by a Jesuit living at Chicoutimi, and if it is not more accurate at a distance than it is within 30 or 40 miles from his own door, the great detail into which it enters cannot be much relied upon. It is, however, a curious map, with a very flowery dedication to the Dauphin,

*The accompanying map, engraved for the Journal from the original in Father Ducreux's Historia Canadensis, Paris 1664, represents the region around Lake Simcoe as laid down in 1660. Unfortunately the narrows which form the junction between Lake Simcoe and the little Lake Couchiching have been omitted, probably through the carelessness of the engraver, but in other respects the outlines are surprizingly accurate. The Indian names, however appear to be hopelessly corrupt and their Latin dress adds to the difficulty of identifying them. Lacus Ouentaronius may perhaps be read Ouen-tarontus in accordance with the name elsewhere assigned to Lake Simcoe.

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and a Latin inscription, which I submit as a puzzle to any members of the Institute, who are curious in such things.*

There are not so many details of the discoveries in this direction, and they are not of as interesting a character. Although Tadousac was so long the most important station in Canada, it was not till 1647 that the French reached Lake St. John. In 1663 they had penetrated as far as Hudson's Bay. Tadousac was the principal site of the Indian trade, long after Quebec had become the capital of the colony, and some of the oldest missionary settlements are on the Saguenay. In Champlain's time, the island of Montreal seems almost to have vied with it as a trading place for the Indians, who followed the route of the Ottawa, and Champlain himself built a house near where the Victoria Bridge crosses, though the trading rendezvous seems to have been at the back of the island, on the Riviere des Prairies. But the Iroquois wars must have rendered such a station too insecure, as no town or fort was built there till 1641, and the Indians even from Lake Huron used to ascend the streams, which fall into the Ottawa from the North, and after a portage, used to descend the St. Maurice to Three Rivers, or the Saguenay to Tadousac. Even as late as 1670, Charlevoix tells us that there were rarely less than 1200 Indians to be seen encamped at Tadousac during the trading season; but the ravages of the small-pox amongst the Northern tribes about that period, put an end to the trade of Tadousac and Three Rivers. Some nations were no more heard of. They were exterminated, amalgamated with other tribes, or carried their furs to the English fort on Hudson's Bay. Montreal, which was now rising into importance, became the chief seat of the trade, and Tadousac was deserted.

In tracing the history of these discoveries, one cannot but be struck with the extraordinary rapidity with which the French spread themselves over the continent, as compared with the progress of the English. The commencement of the colony may date from the foundation of Quebec by Champlain in 1608, one year after the permanent establishment of the English at Jamestown, and one year before the discovery of the Hudson River, and twelve years before the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth. The colonies therefore commenced nearly on equal terms, yet within 8 years the French had reached Lake Huron, whilst it was nearly a century before the English had extended to any considerable distance from the sea coast. The Iroquois wars now broke out, which for many years confined the French almost entirely to the Lower St. Lawrence, but no sooner were they brought to

* His in quam supersedimus in hoc 4ta editione ne doctiores veniant Romani et tollant nostram gentem propinante ad nauseam Baccho.

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