the examination in pedagogics (p. 131), and in the continuation examination for elementary school teachers (p. 131). A teacher of gymnastics must have passed the examination for teachers of gymnastics at the universtiy (p. 145) and the examination in pedagogics.

Qualification as director or lector at a seminary for higher elementary school teachers requires in addition to success in the examinaiton for the degree of candidate in philosophy (p. 141) and the examination in pedagogics (p. 144), two terms of practical education at a normal lyceum, success in the practical examination in teaching (kätönnölliset kokset, praktiskt lärarprov p. 144) at the seminary, and at least a 2month period of acquiring knowledge of the organization and instruction in the rural elementary school under the supervision of the elementary school inspector. Qualification for appointment as teacher requires evidence of basic insight in the subject or subjects of the position in question.

Pedagogical High School at Jyväskylä (Kasvatusopillinen Korkeakoulu, Pedagogiska Högskolan).-The Pedagogical High School at Jyväskylä, a State institution with Finnish as the language of instruction, was opened at the beginning of school year 1934-35.5 Its purpose is to prepare young men and women who have passed the student examination (p. 139) for elementary school teaching, provide instruction in pedagogy for teachers at other types of schools, arrange continuation courses for furtherance of the professional education of teachers at the various institutions of learning, and conduct and promote scientific investigation in the fields of education and instruction. The immediate administration of the school is in charge of a rector assisted by a faculty council comprised of the professors of the school and three of its lectors selected for a 3-year period. Instruction is free.

Faculty. The faculty comprises professors, lectors, teachers, docents, and temporary assistants. For appointment as professor the applicant must have passed the licentiate examination in philosophy (p. 143) at one of the universities of Finland, and shown through publications exceptional scientific ability in his field of work.

Appointment as lector requires success in the licentiate examination in philosophy and evidence of good theoretical and practical information in educational matters in general and particularly concerning instruction in the subject field of the position in question. One who has not passed the licentiate examination may be appointed lector if in addition to an academic degree he has shown through published works ability in scientific research. Appointment as lector in a subject in which no academic degree is offered or qualification as teacher requires thorough theoretical and practical education in the subject concerned and of its methods of instruction.

See footnote 3, page 125.

Academic year. The year has a fall term from September 1 to December 20, winter term from January 18 to May 31, and summer term from June 15 to July 31. The fall and spring terms are devoted to the education of elementary school teachers; the summer term and according to need the other terms, to continuation instruction for teachers from various types of schools.

Requirements for admission.-Each year the Ministry after consultation with the State Board of Education determines the number of students to be admitted to the high school. The selection is made by the faculty council on the basis of data from the applications, each of which must be accompanied by the following listed documents:

1. Certificate of good conduct.

2. Certified copy of the certificate of having passed the student or matriculation examination (ylioppilastutkintodistus, intyg över avlagd studentexamen (p. 139).

3. Certified copy of the certificate of graduation from the secondary school (päätötodistus, dimissionsbetyg).

4. Certificate of good health made out according to prescribed form by an accredited physician.

5. Certificate of musical ability from the teacher of music at the secondary school from which the student was graduated unless a mark in music is given in the certificate of graduation.

Study plans. By the end of each April the faculty council works out on the basis of recommendations from the faculty study plans for the following spring and fall terms; and before the end of March, а study plan for the following summer term. The plans are subject to the approval of the Ministry.

Examinations.-The examinations offered by the Pedagogical High School are the:

High school examination for elementary school teachers (korkeakoulun) kansakoulunopettajitutkinto, högskolans folkskollärarexamen) which marks the completion of the 2-year curriculum for young people who have passed the student examination.

Continuation examination for elementary school teachers (kansakoulunopettajien jatkotutkinto, fortsättningsexamen för folkskollärare) which marks the completion of a course for persons who already have qualification for elementary school teaching. The examination may include practical work in teaching.

Examination in pedagogy (pedagogiikkatutkinto, pedagogieexamen.)— The marks made in this examination are equivalent to those of the corresponding examination at the University of Helsinki (p. 140). Other examinations may be offered in accordance with regulations approved by the Ministry. In addition a professor may offer an individual examination in his own field of work that will count toward the candidate examination in philosophy (p. 141).

Academic continuation course for elementary school teachers (kansakoulunopettajien akateemia jatkokurssi, akademisk fortsättningskurs för folkskollärare).—Each year an academic continuation course for elementary school teachers is offered at the University of Helsinki. It is a 1-year course open to all elementary school teachers. For the encouragement of the young and more gifted there are State scholarships. The course is arranged from year to year by a committee of university professors and comprises lectures in pedagogy and other subjects of value to the group of students for which it is designated. Beyond that of being an elementary school teacher there is no admission requirements and no examinations or tentamina (p. 141). Completion of the course, however, is marked by a certificate. The annual attendance varies from 50 to 80 and over.

One who has taken the course may later take an examination in pedagogy, literature, history, and sociology, and thereby obtain qualification for appointment as inspector.

Appointment

Elementary school teachers.-A vacancy in a teaching position except when the position is offered to a teacher whose previous position has been abolished (p. 134) is announced regularly by the local school board in the general newspaper and in another paper of the language of the instruction at the school. Application for the position together with the certificates of character and professional qualification must be filed with the board within the prescribed time which is generally from 20 to 30 days. An applicant in active service must present also a certificate of conduct and quality of work as teacher from the school board by which he is employed. Selection of teachers is subject to the approval of the inspector. If the inspector finds that he cannot confirm the appointment the case is referred to the State Board of Education.

After 2 years of satisfactory service on probation the local school board in consultation with the inspector issues a notice of permanent appointment for the position (nimitys, utnämningsbrev or fullmakt). If a teacher has a notice of permanent appointment for a former position the period of probation is 1 year only. Again, if the inspector and school board disagree on the question of permanent appointment the case is referred to the State Board of Education.

An applicant may not apply for more than one position at a time, nor may a teacher who has received appointment refuse to accept the position or fail to report for duty at the legally prescribed time. The legal time for entering and leaving a position is August 1. A position for probationary service cannot be filled later than the preceding July 20. A position not filled by then becomes for the following year a substitute position.

The principal of an elementary school is appointed by the local school board for 3 years from the regular or probationary teachers of the school on the basis of the sentiment of the faculty. The selection is confirmed by the inspector.

Leave of absence from service may be granted by the local school board for a period at most of 1 month; for longer than that, by the inspector on the recommendation of the school board.

Remuneration

Salaries in rural areas.-In rural areas the salaries of elementary school teachers are paid partly in kind (literally "natural advantages" -naturförmåner) by the locality; and partly in money, including a State subsidy. The payment in kind comprises for teachers at elementary and reduced elementary schools: Lodging, including for men three and for women two rooms with kitchen, fuel, light, barn, fodder- and woodshed, bathhouse, cellar, storehouse and well, pasture for one cow, and at least one-half hectar of cultivated ground near the school. For primary school teachers it is: Lodging with at least one room and kitchen; fuel; light; woodshed; share in cellar, bathhouse, and well; and at least one-tenth hectar of cultivated ground. The payment in money annually for teachers of elementary and reduced elementary schools is:

(a) A basic salary of 17,400 marks if the teacher is or has been married, is the main support of the family, and has children; otherwise, 15,000 marks."

(b) Educational assistance of 1,200 marks for each child not counting the first, if the teacher has to support more than one child under 16 years of age.

(c) Four increases of 6 percent each of the basic money salary at

4-year intervals. Teachers at reduced elementary schools receive in addition for the longer period of instruction, 2,400 marks.

For primary school teachers there is a basic salary of 10,200 marks with the same educational assistance and increases as for an elementary school teacher.

In addition to his salary as teacher the principal of an elementary school receives 600 marks a year.

The honorarium for overtime instruction on elementary or continuation school levels or for part-time instruction in sloyd is 450 marks per week-hour a year. Teachers of drawing and sloyd at schools where the number of children is large enough to warrant appointment for full-time service in these subjects receive the same salary and have the same pension privileges as other regular teachers.

• One markka (mark) at mint par was worth 4.26 cents in United States money on April 1, 1940.

A teacher with permanent appointment whose position is abolished and for whom no immediate opening can be found receives during the first year of unemployment a salary equal to that received while in service and thereafter an amount equal to the pension for the type of position abolished. Payment ceases, however, if the teacher is appointed to another position, enters the service of the state or other permanent position, or if he refuses to accept a position similar to his former position in the same commune or a temporary position for which he is qualified.

During the period of temporary appointment the teacher is on abolition salary status insofar as it is higher than the salary of the interim position.

Salaries in cities. For the establishment of the basic salary for elementary school teachers in urban areas the cities of Finland are divided into 3 classes with reference to the cost of living. The classification is revised every fifth year. The basic salary is for:

1. An elementary school teacher who is or has been married, is the main support of a family, and has children: In cities of the first class, that is, with the highest cost of living, 26,400 marks; second class, 25,200 marks; third class, 24,000 marks.

2. Other elementary school teachers: In cities of the first class, 22,400 marks; second class, 21,200 marks; third class, 20,000 marks.

3. Primary school teachers: In cities of the first class, 17,400 marks; second class, 16,200 marks; third class, 15,000 marks.

The educational assistance is the same as for teachers in the country. There are four salary increases of 4 percent each of the basic salary at 4-year intervals.

Cities may arrange their salaries differently but the minimum amount as a whole cannot be less than that indicated.

Pensions. After 30 years of service a teacher who is at least 60 years of age may retire and receive for the remainder of life a state pension amounting to 12,000 marks a year for teachers at elementary and reduced elementary schools and to 7,200 marks for primary school teachers. In case of permanent disability a teacher may retire earlier and receive an income equivalent to one-fourth of the full pension for the first 5 years of service plus one-twentieth of the full pension for each additional year, so that in case of disability after 20 years of service the full amount is received.

Communities may increase the amount of pension, and in cities pensions are, as a rule, higher, often 60 percent of the final salary. In individual instances country communities also have increased the pensions of their teachers, even if the amounts are not at all pretentious.