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examination made the highest mark "laudatur" in the main subjects of the position.

For appointment as older lector in a position including religion the applicant must have passed the candidate examination in theology at the university or be able to meet other prescribed requirements insuring a thorough knowledge of the important phases of the subject, such as church history, dogmatics, ethics, and Old and New Testament exegetics. In the subject combined with religion he must have made at least the mark "cum laude approbatur" in the faculty of philosophy at a university.

At the normal lyceums (p. 144) teachers in charge of the education of the candidates for secondary school teaching are called over or supervising teachers (yliopettajat, överlärare). Their theoretical and professional education is the same as that for older lectors.

2. Younger lectors (nuoremmat lehtorit, yngre lektorer).-A younger lector must have passed the candidate examination in philosophy or the candidate examination for teacher (p. 141) and in the examination concerned or in a later supplementary examination made at least the mark “cum laude approbatur" in each of the subjects of the position.

Unless the applicant for a position including religion has passed the candidate examination in theology he must meet other prescribed requirements insuring a thorough mastery of the subject. In the subject combined with religion a young lector must have passed also a university examination. Appointment to a position as younger lector in gymnastics and hygiene requires completion of the course for teachers of gymnastics offered in the division of gymnastics at the University of Helsinki.

3. Teachers of theoretical subjects (lukuainsiden opettaja, lärare i läseämnen).—For a position of this type the applicant must have passed the student examination (p. 139) and in individual examinations with university professors of the subjects concerned shown himself to possess knowledge equivalent at least to that required for the mark "cum laude approbatur" in the candidate examination in philosophy. 4. Teachers of practical subjects (harjoitusainsiden opettajat, lärare i övningsämnen).-These include:

(a) Gymnastics and hygiene.-The requirements are the same as for younger lectors in these subjects.

(b) Drawing, penmanship, and modeling.--A teacher of these subjects must have completed a course in the division for teachers of drawing at the Central School for the Study of Art (Centralskolan för Konstflit) of the Association for the Study of Art in Finland (Konstflitföreningen i Finland) at Helsinki, or present a certificate of equivalent information from the same division and evidence from the teacher

of drawing at the University of Helsinki of success in an examination in theoretical skill.

(c) Singing.-A teacher of singing must possess a certificate from either the University of Helsinki or Turku.

Applications. All openings at State secondary schools are announced in the official journal. In applying for a position with permanent appointment the applicant obligates himself to fulfill all duties connected with the position, including acceptance of appointment to serve as rector or prorector, or of assignment for the care of the boys and girls of the school. Application is made in writing to the State Board of Education and must be accompanied by evidence of the applicant's qualifications as to education, success in prescribed examinations, and record of service including any experience of value in the position desired.

All appointments, except those for supervising teachers at normal lyceums which are made by the Ministry, are made by the State Board of Education. In the case of older lectors stress is placed on the applicant's knowledge so that advanced degrees (licentiate, doctorate) and published works give precedence. For younger lectors skill in teaching is the important factor, particularly as shown at the time of the practical examination in teaching. An appointee who has not served previously as a secondary school teacher must complete a 2-year period of probation before receiving permanent appointment. The regular number of hours of teaching a week for an older lector is 24; for a younger lector, 26.

Each school has a rector and prorector appointed for a period of 5 years from its regular teachers by the State Board of Education after consultation with the faculty council and the parents council of the school.

Remuneration

Salaries. By a regulation of February 14, 1930, the basic salary of the following listed secondary school positions are:

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Woman teacher of a higher salary class at a school for girls.

36, 000

The salary of a teacher of drawing ranges from 39,000 marks at a normal lyceum to 15,600 marks at a classical lyceum; teacher of gymnastics, 28,500 marks at a lyceum or lyceum for girls to 25,500 at a school for girls; teacher of singing, 27,000 and 18,000 at the girls' lyceums in Helsinki to 12,600 marks at a school for girls. The salary

of a teacher of handwork and penmanship at a double school for girls is 25,500 marks.

Increments for length of service (ålderstillägg).—A teacher with a basic salary of 30,000 marks or more a year receives three salary increases of 4 percent of the basic salary, one each after 5, 10, and 15 years of service. A teacher with a basic salary of less than 30,000 marks a year receives four salary increases of 4 percent of the basic salary, one each after 4, 8, 12, and 16 years of service. The years of service on probation count toward the increase in salary on the basis of duration of service.

Family supplement (familjetillägg).—This is identical with the education assistance for elementary school teachers (p. 133) and is granted to teachers with a basic salary of 43,500 marks or less who have more than one child under 16 years of age.

In addition to the regular salary as teacher the rector at a normal lyceum receives for service as rector 11,000 marks a year; at a lyceum 8,000; school for girls, 8,000; double lyceum, 10,000; and at a middle school, 6,000 marks.

Pension.-A secondary school teacher who has attained the age of 63 years and completed at least 10 years of service is entitled to pension for life. Full pension comprises 60 percent of the basic salary. Ten years of service entitles the recipient to 1% of the full amount. Each year after that adds 30 until the amount of the full pension has been reached. Years of service after that do not count. With reference to pension only the years between 30 and 67 years of age count. In the case of a teacher who because of physical or mental disability has to retire, years of service prior to the age of 30 count.

Accident insurance.-According to a regulation of December 18, 1936, teachers are included among State employees who in case of accident in service are entitled to compensation for physical injury. If the accident results in death, assistance is given toward funeral expenses and an annuity paid to the widow and to the children under 17 years of age.

Discontinued position.-According to a regulation of May 22, 1931, a secondary school teacher with basic salary whose position is discontinued is transferred immediately to another suitable position or placed on withdrawal status (indragningsstat). A teacher on withdrawal status is still in the service of the State although without a job. He is obliged, however, to accept the position offered or give a reason for refusal acceptable to statsrådet. If he cannot do this he is retired on a pension based for one who entered service prior to May 22, 1931, on the total number of years of service; for one who entered service after that, on the years of service after the age of 30. If he accepts the new position his financial advantages cannot be less that those in his previous position. A teacher on withdrawal status who is not placed

in another position receives during the first year a salary equivalent to that of the last year of service. Beginning with the second year he receives full pension.

After retirement from service a teacher may continue to use his professional title.

Pension privileges of the heirs of a secondary school teacher. Since January 1, 1927, regular and extraordinary teachers and teachers serving their 2-year period of probation at State secondary schools are, through a deduction of a percentage of their salaries, part-owners of the State school pension fund. This entitles the widow to receive for life or until she remarries an annual pension of 9,600 marks if her husband was an överlärar; 8,100 marks if he was an older lector at a lyceum, younger lector in the higher salary class, or an older lector in the lower salary class at a normal lyceum; 6,700 marks if he was an older or younger lector in another type of school position, etc. If the deceased is survived by 1 or more children under 18 years of age a 40 percent increase is added to the pension for the first child, 20 percent for the second, and 10 percent for each additional child. If all the survivors are children, two-thirds of the full pension is paid for 1; full pension for 2; for the third child the total pension is increased by 40 percent; for the fourth by 20 percent; and for each additional child by 10 percent.

A child of 18 years of age who is mentally or physically incapable of supporting himself may receive a pension for the period of duration of the disability. A widower surviving a woman teacher receives pension on the same basis as the widow of a man teacher.

Extraordinary State pension. For circumstances such as the applicant's old age, illness or the illness of her children, the poverty of the estate, the long and valuable services of the deceased to the State, the Ministry of Education after investigation may grant an extraordinary pension from State funds on application to a widow and children of a teacher who already are receiving pension from the State school pension fund.

CASTRÉN, L. A.
Oy., 1935.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Source Material
(Finnish)

Kansakoululainsäädäntö. Helsinki, Raittiuskansan Kirjapaino

191 p.

Catalogues, study plans, and examination regulations from the State University of Helsinki (Helsingfors) and the private Finnish University of Turku. Tilastollinen Päätoimisto. Kansanopetustilasto kansakoululaitos lukuvuonna 1934-35. Suomen Virallinen Tilasto. X. 66. Helsinki, Valtioneuvoston kirjapaino, 1937. VI+ 196 p.

Kansanopetustilasto kansakoululaitos lukuvuonna 1936-37. Suomen Virallinen Tilasto. X. 68. Helsinki, Valtioneuvoston kirjapaino, 1939. VI+ 196 p.

Oppikoulut tilastollinen katsaus oppikoulujen tilaan ja toimintaan lukuvuonna 1937-1938. Suomen Virallinen Tilasto. IX. 64. Helsinki, Valtioneuvoston kirjapaino, 1939. 131 p.

Suomen Tilastollinen. Vuosikirja. Uusi sarja-XXXV-Vuonna 1937. Helsinki, Valtioneuvoston kirjapaino, 1937. XXX + 410.

(Swedish)

Catalogues, study plans, and examination regulations from the University of Helsingfors and the Academy at Åbo (Turku).

Förordning angående lägre folkskoleseminarier av den 24 september 1926. N:o 245. Helsingfors, Statsrådets tryckeri, 1926. p. 639-641.

Förordning innefattande statuter för pedagogiska högskolan i Jyväskylä av den 12 maj 1934. Helsingfors. 9 p.

Förordning om ändring av förordningen den 31 januari 1924 angående grunderna för avlöning i statens tjänster och befattningar av den 14 februari 1930. N:0 73. Helsingfors, Statsrådets tryckeri, 1930. p. 259-264.

Hästesko, Alb. (redaktör).
Helsingfors Universitet.

1937. VIII + 720 p.

Finlands Statskalender för Året 1938. Utgiven av
Helsingfors, Osakeyhtiö Weilin & Göös Aktiebolag,

Lag om en pedagogisk högskola i Jyväskylä av den 26 januari 1934. N:o 41. Helsingfors, Statsrådets tryckeri, 1934. p. 139.

Lag om Läroplikt. Lilla Lagsamlingen. Upplaga av år 1931. N:o 11. Helsingfors, Statsrådets tryckeri, 1931.

p. 133.

QVIST, J. och LAURILA, J. Handbok för Folkskolor och Folkbibliotek. Kommunalförbundets Handbok II. Helsingfors, Söderström & C:o Förlagsaktiebolag, 1936. 454 p.

Secondary Works
(Finnish)

PUUPPONEN, LAURI. Oppikoulut. Niiden järjestysmuoto, hallinto ja toiminta. Helsinki, Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otavan Kirjapaino, 1934. 110 p.

(Swedish)

JENSEN, AXEL och ANDRA (redaktörer). Skolväsendet i tio länder. En översikt utgiven av Centralstyrelsen för Sveriges Allmänna Folkskollärarförening. Styret for Norges Laererlag och Hovedstryrelsen for Danmarks Laererforening. Stockholm, Svensk Läraretidnings Förlagsaktiebolag. 1931. 471 p. PUUPONEN, LAURI. Handbok för Lärdomsskolornas Lärare. Med särskild hänsyn till statsskollärarnas rättsliga ställning. Översättning från Finskan. Helsingfors, Söderström & C:0 Förlagsaktiebolag, 1932. 103 p.

(English)

MANTERE, O. Education and Culture. In The Finland Year Book 1939/40. Edited with the assistance of the press department of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and specialists in different branches by I. Leiviskä. Helsinki, Oy. Suomen Kirja, Ltd., 1939. 464 p.

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