11. The average number of hours in the individual subjects during the 2 years of practice teaching should be: Religion, 5; Norwegian, 8; arithmetic, 5; study of environment, 5; history, 2; geography, 2; natural science, 5; drawing, 2; gymnastics, 2; handwork, 2; singing, 2; penmanship, 1; making a total of 41 hours.

12. The schedule should be arranged in such manner that the number of hours of regular work lost at the laererskole be reduced to a minimum. As much practice work as possible should come on the same day and be confined to half and whole days as far as it is advisable.

13. Where it is convenient the student should arrange to visit other types of schools, such as young people's schools, work schools, higher schools, special schools, school homes, etc.

14. The student should receive instruction in keeping of records, school statistics, arrangement of materials, schoolbook collection and reading material, inspection, practical hygienic arrangements, etc.

15. The practice teaching instructors should for their part, seek the best possible cooperation with the subject-matter instructors of the laererskole, especially with the instructors in pedagogy, drawing, penmanship, and gymnastics.

The regulations for practice teaching in the 2-year school are practically the same as for classes III and IV in the 4-year school. Examinations. Except for the two prescribed examinations, described below, the Ministry decides on the extent to which yearly examinations shall be required.

Promotion examination (opflytningsprøve).—At the close of the first year a promotion examination is held. On the basis of it and other data gathered by the school concerning the student, the faculty council decides whether he has the required maturity and skill in the elementary school subjects and also the qualifications necessary for the continuation of study in preparation for teaching. A regular student may remain for 2 years in each class.

Examination for teachers (laererprøve).-Instruction at the schools for the education of elementary school teachers closes with a leaving examination (avgangsprøve) called the examination for teachers offered under the direction and supervision of Laererskolerådet. Detailed regulations governing the examination are in preparation. Meanwhile the written part of the examination comprises:

1. Pedagogics. In both the 4- and 2-year curricula, a theme written in bokmål or nynorsk depending on the choice of the examinee.

2. Norwegian.-In both the 4- and 2-year curricula, a theme in Norwegian written in the language form not used in the theme in pedagogics.

3. Arithmetic and geometry.-In the 4-year curriculum the leaving examination comes at the close of the third year.

4. English.—In the English line of the 2-year curriculum, two themes one main, the other supplementary.

Regular students are exempt from a leaving examination in practice teaching. Further, to the extent that a student has been exempt from a subject or a branch of a subject he is exempt from final examination in the subject.

In special instances the Ministry may admit a privatist2 to the examination for teachers. The application for this must be accompanied by certificates identical with those required for admission as a regular student, and the same age limits apply.

Additional education for elementary teachers.-Opportunities for elementary school teachers to have additional professional education are offered in the Norway High School for Teachers-courses for further education, studies in English, and meetings for country school teachers. These will be discussed briefly in the order listed.

The Norway High School for Teachers (Norges Laererhøiskole).— This school was opened at Lade near Trondheim in the fall of 1922. It is a State institution offering a 1-year course for the further education of teachers in elementary, continuation, and young people's schools who have passed the examination just discussed. Instruction is offered through lectures and practica in pedagogics, Norwegian, history, physics, mathematics, chemistry, botany, zoology, sloyd, and history and psychology of religion. Except for pedagogics which must be taken by all students the subjects are optional. As yet the school offers no examinations. It has an annual attendance of about 60 students.

Courses for the further education of teachers (kurs for videreutdaning av laerere).-Each summer, vacation courses of a few weeks' duration are offered in various cities of Norway for the further education of teachers of elementary, continuation, and young people's schools. The instruction is in the form of lectures and practica in elementary school subjects and in subjects of importance to teachers of these various types of schools. The courses are conducted by various teachers organizations such as Norges Laererlag and Norges Laererinneforbund and generally are subsidized by the State.

Studies in English (upplaering i engelsk).-The new regulations for the schools for the education of elementary school teachers state that when funds are appropriated for the purpose Laererskolerådet may arrange a course in English for those who have passed the examination for elementary school teachers and who can show in an entrance examination that they have a mastery of English corresponding to that of one who has passed the artium examination in the English line. The objectives of the course are to be the same as those for the English line of the 2-year curriculum at the schools for the education of elementary school teachers. The regulation states further that the course may be offered at the Norway High School for Teachers. Meetings for country school teachers with the school board of the herad. On the summons of the school board (skolestyret) all teachers of a township (herad) meet with the board twice a year to discuss the

One who has prepared for an examination through private study or through attendance at a school without the right of examination.

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work and conduct of the school and consider steps to be taken for the furtherance of the objectives of the elementary school in rural areas. When possible one of the meetings is held at a school where the teachers may attend instruction.

Attendance at the meetings is counted as a part of the regular work of instruction.

Appointment

Appointment of elementary school teachers.-After passing the leaving examination of the schools for the education of elementary school teachers (p. 40) the candidate is ready for permanent appointment. In practice, however, this is not usually obtained until after a period of service as substitute (vikar) and teacher in temporary positions. Appointment as regular teacher requires in addition that the applicant be at least 20 years of age and able to speak the language of the country. When a full-time teaching position is to be filled, the local school board (skolestyret) announces the vacancy in the Norsk Kunngørelsestidende, and generally also in widely read educational journals. The announcement includes a description of the position and the period of time at least 4 weeks-within which application must be made. Unless otherwise specified all positions are open to men and women alike.

Appointments are made by the local school board subject to the approval of the district school director (skoledirektør) who together with directors of other districts is responsible to the Ministry for carrying out the State regulations concerning elementary schools. If the board and the director cannot agree on the selection of a teacher and if the selection by the board was made by less than two-thirds majority, the case may be presented to the Ministry.

One-third of the full-time positions must be subject to dismissal on 3 months' notice in order that communities may be free and unhindered in any required reorganization of their schools. The remaining two-thirds of the full-time positions are filled by permanent appointment. A teacher's first appointment to a full-time position is for a probationary period of not more than 1 year.

In cities a principal (bestyrer, førstelaerer, overlaerer) may be appointed for each school or group of schools. His teaching load is reduced in proportion to the number of hours needed for administration and supervision. A city may have also an elementary school inspector who may be exempt wholly or in part from teaching. For appointment as principal or inspector the applicant must have served for at least 5 years as an elementary school teacher. In each instance the appointment is made in the same manner as for a position in fulltime elementary school teaching.

With reference to appointments for part-time positions, temporary

positions (konstituerte laerere) and substitutes (vikarer) the school board makes out a report to the school director of the district.

The procedure for the appointment of teachers at elementary schools in the country is identical in the main with that in the cities. The local authority for appointment is the school board (skolestyret) of the township (herad). As in the cities, the State is represented by the school director of the district. Identical also are the standards of qualification for appointment to each of the various types of positions. Full-time positions in the country include at least 30 school weeks a year. They comprise teaching in either or both divisions of the elementary school, or in the elementary and continuation school. Instruction that cannot be assigned to full-time positions may be assigned to assistant teachers (hjelpelaerere).

Remuneration

Salaries in cities.-The salaries are governed by State regulations of July 5, 1927, and June 3, 1939. According to these, the minimum in cities for a teaching position of 36 hours a week is 3,200 kroner with 5 increases of 350 kroner each after 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 years of service.3 For positions with fewer than 36 hours of teaching a week the beginning salary and each increase are correspondingly lower. Unless housing is free with the position, teachers with a family receive in addition toward house rent (husleiebidrag) at least 400 kroner a year; those without family, 250 kroner. When a man and wife are both teaching in the same community they receive together at least 400 kroner a year or free housing. Head masters or principals and inspectors receive the regular salary of a teacher plus an amount fixed by the communal board (kommunalstyret) on recommendation of the local school board. Large cities frequently pay their teachers salaries above the established minimum.

Salaries in the country.-The minimum salary for teachers of the upper division of the elementary school in the country comprises 60 kroner for each week of 36 hours of instruction plus a State supplement (Rikstillegg) of 600 kroner a year, and 4 salary increases of 350 kroner each after 3, 6, 9, and 12 years of service, respectively. In addition the teacher has free housing or receives in lieu thereof at least 300 kroner a year. For a position with fewer than 36 hours a week of instruction and in the primary school in which a full-time position. comprises 30 hours a week, each of the 4 salary items is correspondingly lower.

The principal of an elementary school in the country receives a regular salary as teacher plus an additional amount ranging from 200 kroner a year for a school of 100 pupils to 500 kroner for a school of

One krone at mint par was worth 45.37 cents in United States money on April 1, 1940.

more than 300 pupils. With reference to inspectors two or more communes may have an inspector in common and share in the payment of the supplementary salary.

Substitute fund (vikarkasse).—In cities teachers may pay up to 2 percent of the salary and increases toward a substitute fund. In the country each county (fylke) has a fund to which teachers may be asked to contribute from 1⁄2 to 2 percent of their salaries. The remainder is paid by the county with an assistance of 20 percent each from the State and the township (herad).

Pension (pensjon).-Elementary school teachers have been members of the State Pension Fund (Statens Pensjonskasse) since July 1, 1918. The Fund is organized on a self-supporting basis. Each member pays 10 percent of his entire salary, including free housing and any additional salary paid by communities beyond that required by law.

The amount of pension received is based on the annual income and the amount of the contribution paid to the fund up to the time of leaving service. The teacher may receive a regular pension based on the age of retirement or a pension for disability (literally "invalid pension"-invalidpensjon). The former begins at 70 years of age for men and 65 for women. One may retire on pension 5 years earlier provided the number of years of age plus the number of years of service total 85.

Full pension comprises 66 percent of a basic contribution of 6,000 kroner and is diminished by 0.003 for each krone above that up to 10,000. Thus one who has accumulated a fund of 10,000 kroner receives a pension of 54 percent of that amount.

Pension for disability (invalidpensjon).-One who becomes incapacitated for service to the extent that it is necessary to ask for extended leave of absence or resignation before the age of retirement has been attained is entitled to pension for disability. The amount is determined in each instance by the directors of the pension fund on the basis of the period of service and the nature of the disability.

Pension for widows and orphans (enke- og barnepensjon).-For the first month after the death of a teacher the heirs receive his full salary; if he was retired, his full pension. After that the widow receives a widow's pension comprising 50 percent of the regular pension the teacher would have received if he had remained in service to the age of retirement. Children under 18 years of age receive single pension if the mother is alive; double pension if she is dead. Single pension for 1 child comprises 40 percent of the widow's pension; for 2 children, 60 percent; 3 children, 75 percent; 4 children, 90 percent; 5 or more children, 100 percent.