osity, sent this moment into the bazar to inquire the number of cowries, (the name of these shells), in a rupee in the country where we now are, (Aurungabad), and find that, being at a considerable distance from the sea, 3520 are the full change for that coin. It England it will hardly be conceived that any article of food can be so low priced as I have stated.'

It will be from no defect of dimension in the great productive field, if this plenty does not continse to an indefinite time to Cne; for by our Author's accourt there is ground yet waiting to furnish supplies to an immensely greater number of inha'bitants.

The astonishing extent of uncultivated though valuable ground, in all parts of India, is hardly conceivable; and though the population must at present consist of from one hundred and eighty to two hundred millions, I am convinced it could subsist three times that number.'

In a journey of such length there could not fail to be many noble views of natural scenery presented to the traveller. But 'it was near the end of it that the most romantic and sublime aspects awaited him, among the grand eminences and profound defiles of the great ridge of mountains running parallel to the western coast, and at no great distance from it, in strong resemblance to the Andes near the western side of South America.

His busy short stay at Bombay allowed time for a visit to the cavern-temple of Elephanta, to which the impression previously made by those of Ellora prevented his doing justice; and for becoming greatly delighted with the Parsees and their shipbuilding.

The last permitted moment being arrived of his sojourn on the Indian shore, he comes off blazing into the sea with an ardent and rapturous glorification of the virtues, and proclamation of the magnificent fortunes, past and prospective, of the British domination in the East. His exultation at the brilliant destiny disclosed to his prophetic gaze, suffers not the slightest repression from the idea that, according to his notion of the matter, the hundred millions (or if they become double that number) of the subjects of our government, are to continue from age to age, part of them the dupes of a vile impostor, and part of them worshippers of stocks and stones. Who could stop in the career of such splendid anticipations, to think of such a trifle as the condition of the souls of the immense community? What signifies it that with respect to the most momentous interest of their existence they remain in a state of ignorance and utter perversion? -So liberal, so enlarged, so sublime, is the view which mere politicians take of a mighty assemblage of human beings!

The animated felicitation of the conquering power and its subjects, coneludes as follows:

Thus the British government, at the commencement of the year 1818, possesses an empire little inferior to that of Alexander, of the Romans, the Kaliphat, Timourlung, or Ghingis Khan; an empire which is likely to be of longer duration than any of them, for its rise has not depended on the talents and fortunes of one man, but on the¿ grand principles of our physical, moral, and intellectual superiority We may thus, with the character worthy of our nation, continue to make our sovereign and uncontrolled sway, (which it must still reman, as the natives are unable to feel the happy effects of a free government), the most benign despotism that ever existed; and apply with the hand of a parental monarch, to those who are our subjects, the happy rules of equity and moderation which we are taught from our own constitution.

By our commanding political situation which gives us the most unlimited power over the native courts, we can insure permanent tranquillity, and induce them to look on us alone as the keystone of India. Thus it will be our policy to place ourselves at the head of a commonwealth of nations, and making ourselves the arbiter of all misunderstandings among them, eradicate the ruinous and fallacious policy of short-sighted imbecile princes and profligate ministers.'

One of the Company's cruisers conveyed our Author, with about the usual proportion of incidents by sea, to Cosseir, a delectable place, where good water may be had for bringing it on asses from a distance of forty-five miles. The narrative is very amusing from this landing-place, across the desert, to the Nile. The light sort of feeling which this epithet expresses, might seem rather out of place for a story of very severe hardships, did not the bold, elastic, vivacious spirit of the narrator so decidedly exempt the reader from a grave sympathy with the sufferings inflicted by a dreadful heat, combined with deficiency of water and sustenance,' protracted and almost unmitigated fatigue, and the extremely harrassing effect of the pace and movement peculiar to the camel. An oppressive degree of illness was the result of this combination of grievances. But the forced march was resolutely prosecuted to the Nile; and he came in contact at Khenné with a stream so delightful to the senses after such a journey, and rendered most imposing to the mind by so many interesting and solemn reminiscences. Here he was somewhat vexed to learn that only the day before, Mr. Salt had passed by on his return from Thebes, where, with Mr. Beechy, his secretary and assistant draughtsman, he had been spending five active months among the ruins. It was hoped that a messenger sent down the river might overtake him not very far below, to request him to wait for our Author; but the first sight of each other was to be at the consul's house at Cairo, where they arrived but few hours apart. The eager wish to visit Thebes, was repressed, almost as soon as it sprung in our Author's mind, by the imperious sense of duty, which forbade

kim such a use of the three days which would have sufficed for going thither and returning to the spot where he was. This could not but be a severely mortifying restriction. He took time for a hasty examination of the temple of Dendera, of which we read with interest one description more.

Some unpleasant rencounters with Turkish rudeness occurred in the passage down the Nile; but these were of little account compared with the serious danger formerly threatened by Arab robbers and assassins. The strong and relentless hand of Ali Pacha has effectually cleared all Europe of these, as well as of the Mamelukes, and effected a state of safety and good order unknown in the country for ages before. There is to be no plundering or exaction in Egypt except his own; but his own is insatiable and remorseless. The Colonel repeats the description of Ali's despotism as given him by an Italian surgeon at Sciout.

My visitor was only surprised how it was continued, since all ranks, soldiers and husbandmen, were equally in thraldom. He stated that the sums of money which the Pacha drew every year from the country and the sale of its produce, were inconceivable, and that he would never permit any one to grow rich but himself. He seizes the grain, tobacco, butter, cloth, and in short every production of the country, and pays for them what he thinks fit, only allowing the Arabs and Copts enough to exist on, thus rendering himself abhorred by the cultivator of the ground: while, by having taken into his hands the whole of the commerce of Egypt, he has made the merchant destitute. All the exports are derived from his granaries or warehouses.'

He still maintains a shew of respect and obedience to the head of the Turkish empire, but would instantly, it is believed, declare himself independent, if he had a sea force adequate to the protection of his commerce. It is anticipated that he will at all events do this after a while, if his life be continued. Our Author was introduced to him, at Cairo, by Mr. Salt, and we transcribe the first sentences of the account of the interview.

His highness was plainly dressed. He is not above five feet nine inches high, but of a most pleasing and open countenance, without any indications whatever of age; on the contrary, he does not seem to be above thirty-nine or forty, though he is older. He sat down with his legs under him on a sofa, with a large pillow to support his back, and seemed particularly glad to see Mr. Salt, who, it appears, has established a feeling of repect for the British name and character throughout Egypt, so strong that individuals of a rival European nation when on the Nile, being challenged from the shore by the police, have been known to call out that they were inglaize." • He smoked during the whole time; his pipe being splendidly ornamented with jewels. He had several rings on, one with a single diamond of very large size. His manner was delightful; soft, mild, and courtly,

such as would bear a comparison with the most polished European prince. All the while we were in his company, we reclined upon the sofas, with the utmost familiarity, which towards Europeans he rather encourages, no doubt for the reason he assigned to Mr. Salt, that they were the only people from whom he got information."

He evinced much shrewdness in some of the various political inquiries by which he shewed that he is a man who, even in the common routine of ceremony, will not a moment forget to mind his business.-For the Christians, there have not, in point of protection and even favour, been such times in Egypt, for a thousand years.

The most interesting part of the volume is the chapter near the end, relating the Author's communications with Mr. Salt and Belzoni on Egyptian antiquities, and his adventures in company with the latter, into the most interior gloom of the two great Pyramids now open. The animated descriptive narrative is brief, and the admirable operations and discoveries of Belzoni. and Caviglia, have already been, through several popular channels, made familiar to the reading public. One circumstance referred in passing, by our Author, we do not recollect to have been mentioned, namely, that Belzoni had commenced operations for opening the third great Pyramid. As the report of his death appears to be satisfactorily contradicted, we earnestly wish to hear that this grand undertaking has not been abandoned. It may be hoped that the solemn recesses of that structure, unlike the fate of the one recently opened, have not been violated by stupid barbarian ransackers for gold, and that the contents, found as originally entombed or enshrined, may decide finally, the question relative to the design of these mysterious and enormous monuments. Our Author, who had himself the fortune of putting theory and speculation suddenly to a stand, by bringing from the sarcophagus of the Pyramid opened by Belzoni, some bones of the bos species, will hardly allow there should now be any question that the Pyramids are tombs of Apis. Every person whose imagination has been fascinated by the dark wonders of Egypt, will be gratified to understand that a work is expected from Mr. Salt, on the subject of the recent and still prosecuted researches and discoveries, illustrated with the utmost accuracy of graphical representation.

The Lieutenant-Colonel's work contains a large and well engraved map of the seat of the Pindarry and Mahratta war, and a moderate number of plates, for the greater part coloured, representing costumes and several remarkable localities. Allowing for the slight and hasty mode in which this kind of deco rations is got up, they are pretty well done,

Art. 1 i. The Calvinistic Clergy defended, and the Doctrines of Calvin maintained; in a Letter to the Rev. James Beresford, A M. Rector of Kibworth, occasioned by his Sermon, preached in St. Martin's Church, at the Bishop's late Visitation, and printed at the Request of the Bishop and Clergy. By Edward Thomas Vaughan, A.M. Vicar of St. Martin's and All Saints', and Rector of Foston, Leicestershire. Second Edition With a Preface, Omi3sions, Alterations, and large Additions. 8vo. pp 291. Leicester. 1818. 2. Strictures on a Sermon entitled "An Examination of the Doctrines of Calvin," preached at a Visitation at Leicester, on Friday, July 2, 1818, by the Rev. J. Beresford, M.A and on "A Letter" to him; by the Rev. Edward Thomas Vaughan, M.A. By Philos. 8vo. London.

A FULL oblivion should no doubt be accorded to an author, for all those improprieties of a first edition of a work, which he sees fit to retrench when he publishes a second. Repentance evidenced by amendment, satisfies the claims of offended decorum. We speak therefore only of Mr. Vaughan's second edition. But, in strictness, he barely deserves this indulgence, both because his Letter still abounds with the indications of a hostile temper, and contains many highly irreverent impertinences, and because he explicitly defends what he has not ventured to reprint. It appears that he has reviewed, at leisure, the inconsiderate effusions of his first vexation, without regret or conviction. We are not sure, indeed, that Mr. Vaughan might not be altogether more gratified by the haling forward of his first edition, than by a mere acquiescence in the corrections of the second. Men of much courage, and who have a high faith in the propriety of all they have once said, would, in most cases, choose rather to be roughly handled as culprits, than quietly dismissed as penitents.

The fiery lovers of contention may derive an exhilaration-an inspiration from the demonstration of kindred sentiments in am opponent; but a man of a reflecting and pious mind would often rather leave the solemn and affecting truths of religion under a momentary dishonour in the hands of the loud dogmatist, than attempt to rescue them from such keeping. Nevertheless, we must offer some remarks upon the volume before us.

Mr. Vaughan writes with a sort of force of manner, and he reasons, at times, with some ability; but altogether, in point of subject and treatment, his book is so much like to the troublesome mosquito-swarms of Letters,' and Replies,' and Appeals,' and 'Vindications,' and Inquiries,' that fit past us every day, that we should not have referred to it, had it not been in some other respects distinguished from the crowd. It is so, by the explicit avowal of controversial maxims in flagitious contrariety to apostolic precept and example, by a very unVOL. XII. N. S. C