by message of the governor. Revenues are collected from railways, customs, excise, land sales, mails, telegraphs, stamps, licenses, and

The territory occupied by Great Britain in 1900, formerly known as Orange Free State, and that also occupied in the same year and formerly known as the South African Republic or Transvaal, have, since occupation by Great Britain, been designated, respectively, as Orange River colony and Transvaal colony. Both these colonies have been placed under the government of the high commissioner for South Africa, who is appointed governor of these colonies, and it is announced that when civil government is restored the governor will be assisted by an executive council and that the general aim will be to provide a constitution leading to self-government. Municipalities, with the usual powers for local administration, are to be created at the various cities and centers, and local laws, customs, and conditions, as far as possible, respected.

The area of the colony, according to the Statesman's Yearbook of 1901, is estimated at 48,326 square miles; it is divided into eighteen districts. At a census taken in 1890 the white population was found to be 77,716-40,571 males and 37,145 females. Of the population, 51,910 were born in the Orange River colony and 21,116 in the Cape colony. There were, besides, 129,787 natives in the colony-67,791 males and 61,996 females-making a total population of 207,503. The capital, Bloemfontein, had 2,077 white inhabitants in 1890 and 1,302 natives, but the inhabitants are now probably at least double that number. Of the white population, 10,761 were returned in 1890 as directly engaged in agriculture, while there were 41,817 "colored servants."

TRANSVAAL COLONY.

The occupation of this territory by the British Government and the form of government established are described under the head of Orange River colony. The area of the Transvaal colony is, according to the Statesman's Yearbook of 1901, 119,139 square miles, divided into twenty districts, and its white population, according to a very incomplete census of 1896, is 245,397, of whom 137,947 are men and 107,450 women; the native population in April, 1896, was estimated at 622,500. The State Almanack for 1898 gave the population as follows: Whites, 245,397 (137,947 males and 107,450 females); natives, 748,759 (148,155 men, 183,280 women, and 417,324 children); total population, 1,094,156. The boundaries are defined in the convention of February 27, 1884, modified by subsequent conventions relating to the district of Vrijheid, and the territory of Swaziland. The capital is Pretoria, with a white population of 10,000. The Transvaal colony is specially favorable for agriculture as well as stock rearing, though its capacities in this respect are not yet developed. It is estimated that 50,000 acres are under cultivation. The agricultural produce, however, is not sufficient for the wants of the population. There are about 12,245 farms, of which 3,636 belong to government, 1,612 to outside owners and companies, and the rest to resident owners and companies.

Gold mining is carried on to a great extent in the various gold fields, principally Barberton and Witwatersrand.
The total value of gold production from the year 1884 has been:

The British West African colonies, lying upon the coast of Western Africa, are the Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, Gambia, and Lagos. Gambia, which was made a separate colony in 1888, has an administrative officer appointed by the Crown, assisted by an executive council and a legislative council consisting of 4 official members and 2 unofficial members nominated by the Crown.

The Gold Coast colony comprises a population estimated at 1,500,000, of whom 500 are Europeans. The natives are almost all Pagans, but the number of Mohammedans and Christians is steadily increasing. The administration consists of a governor appointed by the Crown, assisted by an executive and a legislative council. Schools have been established, the towns lighted and policed, and 688 miles of telegraph established.

Sierra Leone has an estimated area of 4,000 square miles and a population of 78,835, of whom 224 are resident Europeans. Of the remainder the majority are liberated Africans and their descendants, brought from all parts of Africa, and as a result no less than 60 different languages are spoken in Freetown and every Christian denomination represented. The administration is vested in a governor

appointed by the Crown, assisted by an executive council of 6 members and a legislative council of 5 official and 2 unofficial members. Revenues are raised from specific duties on wines, spirits, ale and porter, tobacco, gunpowder, kerosene oil, lumber, hardware, salt and sugar, and a 10 per cent ad valorem duty on other goods.

The colony of Lagos proper consists of the island of Lagos and the strip of coast land lying between Dahomey and Southern Nigeria. It contains an area of 985 square miles and about 85,607 of population. The administration of the colony is conducted by a governor, aided by an executive and a legislative council. Revenues are derived chiefly from customs and excises. The Lagos protectorate includes an area of 21,000 square miles, extending from the limits of the colony proper west and northwest to the French possessions, northeast as far as Northern Nigeria, and to the east to the limits of Southern Nigeria. Its population is about 3,000,000, mostly Pagan, but containing, approximately, 12,000 Mohammedans and 6,000 Christians.

The protectorate of Nigeria in Western Africa includes the vast territory formerly controlled by the Chartered Royal Niger Company which was created by Sir George Goldie in 1882, under the name of the National African Company, for the purpose of securing this territory to Great Britain. The company, after receiving its charter, which authorized it to make political treaties with the native chiefs and establish forms of government to provide for the cession of the territory to the United Kingdom in the year 1900, proceeded to make treaties with several native chiefs and tribal representatives, and gradually established a form of government and control over the vast area designated as Northern Nigeria and Southern Nigeria. The joint area which is now known under the general term of Nigeria covers, according to the Statesman's Year-Book, between 400,000 and 500,000 square miles, and its population is variously estimated at from 25,000,000 to 40,000,000; but in the absence of any census, no reliance can be placed on such estimates. It is certain, however, that a great number of towns in Nigeria contain considerable populations. Among these, Kano is said to contain about 100,000 souls (the funerals averaging 10 per diem); Bida, 90,000; Ilorin, 50,000, and Yakoba, 50,000. About nine-tenths of the area and population of Nigeria were, until January 1, 1900, contained in the territories of the Chartered Royal Niger Company. With the object of this company, already stated, in view, political treaties conferring powers of administration or sovereign rights were made with several hundred nations, states, and tribes; but legal delays postponed, until July, 1886, the issue of the charter which, after thirteen and a half years of successful government, was surrendered on January 1, 1900, the whole of Nigeria thus coming under the administration of the Crown. In 1884 and 1887 a British protectorate was declared over the whole of Nigeria. The seaboard regions between the Lagos colony and the Forcados River, and between the Brass River and Kamerun were placed under consular jurisdiction, the Royal Niger Company having no influence in these portions. These seaboard regions were then known as the Oil Rivers protectorate; but no administration was established there until 1891, when Sir Claude MacDonald was sent out as imperial commissioner and consul-general to organize a government, which proved very successful. Soon afterwards the name of Niger Coast protectorate was given to these regions, and, in 1896, Sir Ralph Moore became imperial commissioner. In February, 1897, the Benin country, formerly governed by the Kings of Benin (or Addo), was included in the Niger Coast protectorate, and a British resident placed at Benin City. Considerable extensions were also made in the regions bordering on the Cross River.

For administrative reasons, the new province of Nigeria is temporarily divided into two governments, called, respectively, Northern Nigeria and Southern Nigeria. The boundary between these starts from the Lagos boundary at Owo and running east crosses the Niger a little to the north of Idda and continues to a point near Ashaku on the Anglo-German frontier laid down in the convention of 1893. For fiscal purposes, the customs revenues of Nigeria and Lagos-that is to say, practically the entire revenue-will be collected on the seaboards by the goverments of Southern Nigeria and Lagos; and the allocation of this revenue to the three governments will be made by the secretary of state for the colonies. It is difficult to estimate the amount of this revenue, as the import and export duties of the Royal Niger Company are abolished. In the year 1899-1900 the total revenue amounted to £164, 108. Imports, £725,798 (£597,998 from Great Britain); exports, £888,954 (£531,038 to Great Britain); in 1898–99, 379 vessels, of 559,912 tons, entered, and 375, of 551,555 tons, cleared.

RHODESIA.

[Area, about 425,728 square miles; population, 1,075,000.]

Rhodesia includes all that vast area lying north and west of the South African Republic and the twenty-second degree of south latitude and south of the Kongo Free State, and extending east and west to the limits of the Portuguese and German possessions, except the

region known as British Central Africa protectorate, southwest of Lake Nyassa, already described. The Zambezi River divides Rhodesia into two sections, known, respectively, as Northern and Southern Rhodesia.

Rhodesia is administered by the British South Africa Company under a royal charter granted in 1889, which vested in the company large powers of control, the right of constructing public works, and the maintenance of order. For purposes of administration Rhodesia is divided into three sections-Southern, Northeastern, and Northwestern Rhodesia. By orders in council promulgated in 1898 the administration of Southern Rhodesia is jointly vested in the company's senior administrator and a resident commissioner appointed by the secretary of state. These officers are assisted in the conduct of the government by an executive council consisting of 7 members. There is also a legislative council consisting of the senior administrator, the administrator of Matabeleland, the resident commissioner, and 5 members named by the company and approved by the secretary of state, and 4 elected members. The area of Southern Rhodesia is 192,000 square miles, with an estimated population of 461,965, of whom about 12,000 are Europeans. There are 3,234 miles of public roads, post-routes, etc., and 54 post-offices and 71 telegraph offices.

Northwestern Rhodesia and Northeastern Rhodesia are administered by the British South Africa Company. By special arrangement Northern Rhodesia is policed by armed forces under the British Central Africa protectorate.

A colony with representative government, located in the Atlantic Ocean 580 miles east of the coast of the United States and 677 miles from New York, consisting of a group of 350 small islands, 20 of which are inhabited. The area is 20 square miles, of which 4,000 acres are under cultivation. Population in 1899, 16,423, of which 6,282 were whites. The government is administered by a governor appointed by the Crown, assisted by an executive council of 6 members, a legislative council of 9 members appointed by the Crown, and a representative house of assembly of 36 members, elected by each of the 9 parishes. The electoral qualifications are the possession of freehold property of not less than $300 value. Revenues are produced from duties upon nearly all articles imported and from excise and local taxation.

The Dominion of Canada now embraces Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territory, thus including all British North America, exc pt Newfoundland and Labrador. The area is 3,653,946 square miles, and the population 5,338,883.

The government consists of a governor-general and privy council appointed by the Crown, the legislative power being a parliament consisting of an upper house styled the senate and a house of commons. The members of the senate are appointed by the Crown for life, on the nomination of the governor-general and his council. The members of the house of commons are elected by the people, the term of service being five years. The senate consists of 81 members, of which 24 are from the Province of Ontario, 24 from Quebec, 10 from Nova Scotia, 10 from New Brunswick, 4 from Manitoba, 4 from Prince Edward Island, 3 from British Columbia, and 2 from the Territories. The house of commons has 213 members. Each province is divided into districts for the election of members of the house. Every male subject of the full age of 21 years, the owner or occupier of real property of actual value, in cities, of $200, and elsewhere, $150, or having an income from earnings of investments of not less than $300, or the son of a farmer or other owner of real property of sufficient value to qualify both father and son, or a fisherman with property valued at $150, is a voter. The "Queen's privy council" consists of premier and president of the council, secretary of state, postmaster-general, and ministers of trade and commerce, justice, marine and fisheries, railways and canals, militia and defense, finance, agriculture, public works, interior, customs and inland revenue, and two others without portfolio. Justice is administered by a supreme court composed of a chief justice and 5 associate justices; the exchequer court of Canada, the provincial courts, which include chancery, court of queen's bench, court of error, supreme court, county courts, general sessions, and division courts. The 7 provinces forming the Dominion have each a separate parliament and administration, with a lieutenant-governor at the head of the legislative assembly. They have full power to regulate their own local affairs, and dispose

of their revenues, provided that they do not interfere with the action and policy of the central government. Revenues are collected chiefly from customs and excise, over one-half the total receipts being from customs and over one-fourth from excise.

A Crown colony in the south Atlantic Ocean, 300 miles east of Magellan Straits, including about 100 small islands. Total area, 7,500 square miles; population, 2,000. The government is vested in a governor, aided by an executive council of 3 members, and a legislative council of 5, the members in each case being appointed by the Crown. The reveunes are from customs and rents of Crown lands.

The colony of British Guiana includes the settlements of Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice, on the northeast coast of South America. The government consists of a governor assisted by a court of policy of 15 members, 7 official and 8 elected by the direct vote of the people, in which the governor has two votes and a veto on any measure at any stage. The court of policy acts as a legislative council, except as to levying taxes, which belongs to a combined court composed of the court of policy and 6 financial representatives elected by the people. In addition to these there is an executive council consisting of the governor, the government secretary, the attorney-general, and 6 other members nominated by the Crown; this council exercises all the executive and administrative functions of government other than those before mentioned. Qualifications of general electors include ownership of at least 3 acres of land, or tenancy of a house of £40 rental, or an income of £100 per annum, or payment of a certain amount of taxes.

A Crown colony in central America, south of Yucatan, and fronting on the Caribbean Sea. The government is administered by a governor, assisted by an executive council which includes the colonial secretary and treasurer, the attorney-general, and two ether

members. The legislative council includes a colonial secretary, treasurer, attorney-general, and not less than 5 unofficial members appointed by the sovereign. Revenues are derived from customs, duties, excise, land tax, and the sale and letting of Crown lands.

Newfoundland is an island, the twelfth largest in the world, located at the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Labrador, on the mainland adjacent to Newfoundland, a dependency of Newfoundland, forms the most easterly part of America. The area of Newfoundland is 42,000 square miles; its population is 210,000. The area of Labrador is 120,000 square miles, and its population (in 1891) 4,106. The government is administered by a governor, appointed by the Crown; a responsible executive council of 9 members; a legislative council of 15 members, appointed for life; and a house of assembly of 36, elected by the people every four years.

An island situated in the Caribbean Sea, 90 miles south of Cuba, the largest of the British West Indian islands. Its area, including Turks and Caicos islands, is 4,424 square miles; population, 745,104. The government consists of a governor appointed by the Crown, assisted by a privy council and a legislative council, consisting, in addition to the governor, of the senior military officer, the colonial secretary, the attorney-general, director of public works and collector-general, and of such other persons, not exceeding 10, as the Queen or governor provisionally may appoint, called nominated members, and 14 members elected by the people, one for each parish of the island. Laws are administered by a high court of justice, circuit court, and a resident magistrate in each parish. Revenues are raised from customs, excise, and local taxation, about one-half being from customs.

A group of 20 inhabited islands and a large number of uninhabited islands and rocks off the southeast coast of Florida. Area, 5,450 square miles; population, 47,565. The government is vested in a governor, aided by an executive council of 9 members, a legislative council of 9 members, and a representative assembly of 29 members. Electors are required to have a small property qualification. Revenues are raised from customs, excise, and local taxation, about one-half being from customs.