the 6th April. In a debate in the French Chamber on the 16th, M. de Pompiere, remarking on expenditures, said that the conveyance of an African lion to Paris, cost 7000 francs; but that in 1826 it cost the French double that sum to accelerate the arrival in Portugal of a tiger, or biped monster, much more dangerous. There was an order in the Lisbon Gazette of May 1st, from Don Miguel, to dismiss eight Portuguese Consuls, viz. at Philadelphia, New York, Elsineur, Stettin, Paris, Marseilles, Havrede-Grace, and Barcelona. Accounts from Terceira, say that the garrison of that island is composed of 3,500 men, and that perfect tranquillity prevails there. No fears are entertained of an attack by Don Miguel, and that fortifications are in the best state of defence. A merchant ship had arrived from Portugal, with several Portuguese emigrants, among whom were some naval officers.

ROME. The present Pope was, we believe, the Cardinal Castiglione, an Italian, but elected, it is said, by French influence. He has taken the name of Pius VIII. He is represented as having already rendered himself popular, by manifesting a disposition to exercise his power on liberal principles. It is said that he has annulled the privations and prohibitions of his predecessor, and restored the Jews, and Christians of every denomination, to the enjoyment of all their former privileges. It has even been reported that he is in favour of abolishing the celibacy of the clergy; but this we do not believe, and as to the rest, although entirely willing to give him credit for all that he does well, yet we cannot help recollecting that a little good stands for much, when it is done by a Pope. Nor can we help thinking, that when the publick acts and orders of one Pope on the subject of religion are condemned and set aside by his immediate successor, it looks as if one or the other was not infallible.

PRUSSIA. A most desolating flood, from the overflowing of the Vistula, has occurred in Prussia. The property destroyed and the distress occasioned has been immense-The loss of human life however has not been great, although many cattle have perished. Nor have the ravages of this flood been confined to Prussia, but have been more or less experienced through the whole of the countries visited by the extensive river whose stream has broken from its usual bounds.

TURKEY AND RUSSIA-These are the two great powers to which the awakened attention of the whole civilized world is now directed; because in the issue of the existing fearful conflict between them, the interests of the civilized world may, to a great extent, be involved. Yet since the close of the last campaign, nothing of great interest has taken place, except the vigorous and formidable preparations for combat which have been made by both, and about equally by both. Since the present campaign has opened, the accounts from the theatre of war relate no event of any such importance as can have much influence on the result of the contest-The armies, enormous in numbers and complete in equipment, are slowly and warily approaching each other, and there have been some affairs of posts and detached parties, in which the Russians generally, but not always, appear to have had the advantage; but nothing decisive, or that can afford ground for a rational prognostick of what is likely to ensue, has occurred. The main Russian army was, at the date of the last accounts, still on the north of the Danube, but actively engaged in making preparations to cross it, and to subdue all the Turkish fortresses that were last year left in the rear of their advancing hosts, and from which much annoyance was experienced. As we have heretofore stated, Field Marshal Witgenstein had resigned the chief command of the army, and General Count Diebitsch been appointed his successor; but it is now affirmed that this last appointment is so unsatisfactory to the Russian officers that the Count is obliged to feign sickness, and that although he secretly directs the military movements he cannot do it ostensiblyIf this be so, it is certainly a bad omen. The Turks on their part have reinforced Shumla, and in all their encounters with their adversaries have fought with bravery and skill. The Sultan has assumed a plain military dress, and has required his officers to do the same. Great exertions have been made to provision Constantinople so as to prevent the effects of scarcity, which the interception of supplies by the Russian fleet was intended to produce, and every arrangement has been made to dispute at every step the advance of the hostile armies. We must wait for the issue, which is known only to Him who will order it by his sovereign will, and who often disappoints, espe cially in military concerns, the calculations and confident expectations of short sighted mortals.

GREECE.—As the Turkish Sultan has refused either to declare the independence of Greece, or to withdraw his troops from the country, (the Arabs of Egypt were sent away by a treaty with the Pacha) war is continued. The massacre of Greeks in the island of Candia has been terrible, and not less terrible is the vengeance they take on their enemies, whenever an opportunity favours. In the Morea, the Turkish force is too small to do more than to occupy a number of fortresses, and these, one after ane

ther, are falling before the Greek arms, which have been resumed and animated wonderfully, since the departure of the Arabs. Missolonghi, at the last accounts, was invested, and its reduction speedily expected: after that, it was said, nothing would remain in the power of the Turks but the Acropolis of Athens; and that, it was supposed, could not long be sustained against the force which was gathering round it. Britain and France have been endeavouring for a year past, and are still endeavouring, to persuade the Sultan to terminate by treaty his quarrel with the Greeks; but all in vain as yet. In the mean time, Greece is gradually recovering from the sweeping desolation it has experienced. Schools are established and encouraged, and civil institutions, of various kinds, are making some progress-slow indeed, but yet real-toward maturity. Only a small corps of French troops remains in the Morea.

ASIA.

The Russian ambassador and his suite, it appears, were massacred at Teheran while employed in carrying into effect some articles of the late treaty between Russia and Persia, respecting the Armenian and Georgian subjects of Russia, whom he claimed to return to their country. Among these were two Armenian women, who had belonged to a Khan, and who did not wish to leave him. They were detained for some time by the ambassador, contrary to their inclination, and treated with abuse. They escaped at length, and ran through the streets of the city, proclaiming their wrongs, and calling for vengeance. The populace were enraged, and attacked the ambassador's Cossack guards, who fired on the mob and killed six individuals. This greatly incensed the rest; who were speedily joined by others, to the amount at length, it is said, of 30,000. The ambassador's residence was surrounded, and although the king sent his guards to assist the Russians in their defence, they were not able to prevent the massacre of the ambassador and his whole train, thirty in number, except one of the secretaries, and two Cossacks, who were all that escaped with their lives. It is made a question whether this occurrence will not renew the war between Russia and Persia. It seems plain that it ought not, and as Russia must at present wish for peace with Persia, it is probable that it will not.

AFRICA.

Attempts are making by the Russians to detach the Pasha of Egypt from his ally the Grand Senior of the Turks. Alexandria has been blockaded by the Russian fleet, and two Egyptian vessels have been taken, which the Russian Admiral has offered to restore, on condition that the Pasha will engage not farther to assist the Turks, either with provisions or troops. The offer has not yet been accepted, but some expectations are entertained that it will result in a treaty of peace between the Pasha and the Russian Emperor.

The American colony at Liberia has again sustained a severe loss, in the death of Dr. Randal, the successor of the lamented Ashmun. Those who are disposed to see in these afflictive visitations of a righteous Providence a reason either for regretting that this colony was founded, or that it ought now to be abandoned, should, we think, look back to the original settlement of our own country, by our European ancestors. They experienced losses and hardships, with which all that has yet been experienced, in attempting a settlement on the African coast, are but trifles in the comparison. Yet under the eventual smiles of a benignant Providence, we have become the envy of the world; and for ourselves, our hope and expectation is, and has long been, that the colony we are planting on the western shore of Africa is destined to spread over that vast continent the blessings of civil liberty, the arts of civilized life, and the inestimable privileges and hopes of the gospel of Christ-The freeing of our own country from the calamity and curse of slavery, although an object of great value in itself, we have long regarded as only an incidental benefit, attending a great and glorious design of Providence for meliorating the condition of the inhabitants of one quarter of our globe. We earnestly hope that the celebration of the epoch of our national independence, now near at hand, will, by the liberal contributions of the Christians and patriots of the United States, replenish munificently the treasury of the Colonization Society, that the thousands of liberated Africans who are now waiting and wishing to leave our shores for the land of their forefathers, may be speedily gratified.

AMERICA.

BUENOS AYRES.-The last accounts from this republick, represent it as in a state of civil war of the most disastrous character. The contest, as we have heretofore mentioned, is between those who wish for a federal government resembling our own, and which has hitherto existed, and those who desire to change this form, and bring the whole of the United Provinces under a single legislature and one executive head. The

leader of the latter party is general Lavalle, who most inhumanly ordered Dorrego, the constitutional chief of Buenos Ayres, whom he had captured, to be shot, with only an hour's warning. Lavalle probably wished and expected to make himself the Dictator of the United Provinces. Flushed with some temporary success, he carried the war toward Santa Fe; but he and his troops, it seems, have been driven back into the very city and environs of Buenos Ayres. The Indians have joined with his opposers, and by the last accounts it appears that the inhabitants of the city were under the most fearful apprehensions, not without cause, that they would be subjected to all the evils of a place taken by assault, by an incensed soldiery, many of them barbarians, without civilization, and without mercy. It is impossible to foresee the sequel of these sanguinary broils.

BRAZIL.-The English have made a demand on the emperor of Brazil, for indemnity to a large amount, for British vessels captured and confiscated by his order, in the Buenos Ayrean war. The emperor, we suppose, has not at present the ability, and certainly not the inclination, to comply with this demand. But Britain will enforce it, and as he cannot resist, and moreover wants British aid against his brother Don Miguel, he will doubtless make the best compromise he can.

Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chili, and Central America, are all in a very perturbed and unsettled state-some in a greater and some in a less degree. In this the enemies of republican governments rejoice, and over it their friends lament. But it ought to be recollected that the existing evils are all fairly attributable to a previous state of tyranny and oppression, and the habits which such a state must ever produce. Republicans, we have frequently remarked, cannot be formed but by education; and we have long feared, and often hinted our fears, that the generation that had grown up under Spanish despotism could not enjoy the blessings of free government. We did however, at one period, hope that sanguinary conflicts were at an end. We are not, however, greatly disappointed that this hope has not been realized. There are real, and the most serious difficulties, in the way of establishing free and orderly governments among our southern neighbours. To remove them without convulsions and bloodshed, more virtue, more enlightened views, and more patient endurance of temporary hardships, are necessary, than are to be found among the ignorant, depraved, and superstitious mass, which composes the population of these recent Spanish colonies. They have some enlightened men, but even these seem, in general, to lack patriotism and moral principle, to a lamentable degree, and they are at best but a small minority. It must probably be in the school of much affliction that our neighbours must learn wisdom; but we doubt not that eventually the southern part of our country, as well as the northern, will exhibit such a spectacle of social happiness as can never exist under the sway of those rulers of the old world who now rejoice in the calamities that afflict the republicks of the south.

UNITED STATES. Within the past month we have seen with painful feelings the communication of our President to the Cherokee Indians. We certainly regard them as the original proprietors of the soil on which they live, and indeed of a great deal more than they at present occupy; and we do not believe that we, or any other nation on earth, have a moral right to dispossess them, without their consent. We may talk as we please about the rights of individual States to their whole territory, and of the pledges of the general government to ensure that territory to the separate States; but the rights of the Indians are antecedent and paramount to all these; and although we may have the power to take away these rights, to do so, is nevertheless, in the eye of Him "whose is the earth and the fulness thereof," an act of no ordinary degree of moral turpitude. Beside, we greatly mistake if the lands on which the Cherokees now reside have not been as fully and solemnly guaranteed to them by treaty, as the region is to which they are now required to remove. When our population shall advance to that region, there is great reason to fear that the poor Indians will be treated exactly in the same manner as they now are. God is just, he is the avenger of the oppressed, and we have cause to fear for our country-"Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right."

We acknowledge our indebtedness to several correspondents, whose communications shall appear as speedily as possible. We invite attention to the advertisements on our cover.

SEMBLY OF DIVINES-ADDRESSED anticipated. Another part we had