(b) An increase in the capacity of secondary schools and the improvement of their curricula;

(c) An increase in opportunities following general education, including opportunities for learning a trade or a specialty or for continuing general education;

(d) The general elimination of barriers between vocational and general education;

(e) The expansion and diversification of university courses, so that they will include the new professions essential to economic and social development;

(f) The establishment or expansion of graduate courses through professional schools;

(g) The establishment of refresher courses in all branches and types of education, so that graduates may keep their knowledge up to date in this era of rapid scientific and technological progress; (h) The strengthening and expansion of adult education programs;

(i) The promotion of special education for exceptional students. 2. Promotion of basic and advanced training for teachers and administrative personnel; development of educational research and experimentation, and adequate expansion of school building programs. 3. Broadening of the use of educational television and other modern teaching techniques.

4. Improvement of rural elementary schools to achieve a level of quality equal to that of urban elementary schools, with a view to assuring equal educational opportunities to the rural population.

5. Reorganization of vocational education, when necessary, taking into account the structure of the labor force and the foreseeable manpower needs of each country's development plan.

6. An increase in private financing of education.

7. Encouragement of local and regional communities to take an effective part in the construction of school buildings and in civic support to educational development.

8. A substantial increase in national scholarship and student loan and aid programs.

9. Establishment or expansion of extension services and services for preserving the cultural heritage and encouraging intellectual and artistic activity.

10. Strengthening of education for international understanding and Latin American integration.

Multinational Efforts

1. Increasing international resources for the purposes set forth in this chapter.

2. Instructing the appropriate agencies of the OAS to:

(a) Provide technical assistance to the countries that so request: (i) In educational research, experimentation, and innovation:

(ii) For training of specialized personnel;

(iii) In educational television. It is recommended that study be made of the advisability of establishing a multinational training center in this field;

(b) Organize meetings of experts to recommend measures to bring national curricula into harmony with Latin American integration goals;

(c) Organize regional volunteer teacher programs;

(d) Extend inter-American cooperation to the preservation and use of archeological, historic, and artistic monuments.

3. Expansion of OAS programs for fellowships, student loans, and teacher exchange.

National educational and cultural development efforts will be evaluated in coordination by CIAP and the Inter-American Council for Education, Science, and Culture (now the Inter-American Cultural Council).

B. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Advances in scientific and technological knowledge are changing the economic and social structure of many nations. Science and technology offer infinite possibilities for providing the people with the well-being that they seek. But in Latin American countries the potentialities that this wealth of the modern world offers have by no means been realized to the degree and extent necessary.

Science and technology offer genuine instruments for Latin American progress and must be given an unprecedented impetus at this time. This effort calls for inter-American cooperation, in view of the magnitude of the investments required and the level attained in such knowledge. In the same way, their organization and implementation in each country cannot be effected without a properly planned scientific and technological policy within the general framework of development. For the above reasons the Presidents of the member states of the OAS agree upon the following measures:

Internal Efforts

Establishment, in accordance with the needs and possibilities of each country, of national policies in the field of science and technology, with the necessary machinery and funds, the main elements of which shall be:

1. Promotion of professional training for scientists and technicians and an increase in their numbers.

2. Establishment of conditions favoring full utilization of the scientific and technological potential for solving the economic and social problems of Latin America, and to prevent the exodus of persons qualified in these fields.

3. Encouragement of increased private financial contributions for scientific and technological research and teaching.

Multinational Efforts

1. Establishment of a Regional Scientific and Technological Development Program designed to advance science and technology to a degree that they will contribute substantially to accelerating the economic development and well-being of their peoples and make it feasible to engage in pure and applied scientific research of the highest possible quality. This Program shall complement Latin American national programs in the area of science and technology and shall take special account of the characteristics of each of the countries.

2. The Program shall be oriented toward the adoption of measures to promote scientific and technological research, teaching, and information; basic and advanced training of scientific personnel; and exchange of information. It shall promote intensively the transfer to, and adaptation by, the Latin American countries of knowledge and technologies originating in their regions.

3. The Program shall be conducted through national agencies responsible for scientific and technological policy, through institutionsnational or international, public or private-either now existing or to be established in the future.

4. As part of the Program, they propose that multinational technological and scientific training and research institutions at the postgraduate level be established, and that institutions of this nature already existing in Latin America be strengthened. A group, composed of high-ranking, qualified persons, experienced in science, technology, and university education, shall be established to make recommendations to the Inter-American Council for Education, Science, and Culture (now the Inter-American Cultural Council) on the nature of such multinational institutions, including such matters as their organization, the characteristics of their multinational administration, financing, location, coordination of their activities among themselves and with those of pertinent national institutions, and on the other aspects of their operation. The aforementioned group, selected and convoked by the Inter-American Council for Education, Science, and Culture (now the Inter-American Cultural Council) or, failing this, by CIAP, shall meet within 120 days after the close of this meeting.

5. In order to encourage the training of scientific and technological personnel at the higher academic levels, they resolve that an InterAmerican Fund for Scientific and Technological Training shall be established as part of the Program, so that scientists and research workers from Latin American countries may pursue advanced scientific and technological studies, with the obligation to engage in a period of scientific work in Latin America.

6. The Program shall be promoted by the Inter-American Council for Education, Science, and Culture (now the Inter-American Cultural Council), in cooperation with CIAP. They shall coordinate their activities with similar activities of the United Nations and other interested organizations.

7. The Program may be financed by contributions of the member states of the inter-American system, inter-American or international institutions, technologically advanced countries, universities, foundations, and private individuals.

C. HEALTH

Improvement of health conditions is fundamental to the economic and social development of Latin America.

Available scientific knowledge makes it possible to obtain specific results, which, in accordance with the needs of each country and the provisions of the Charter of Punta del Este, should be utilized to attain the following objectives:

(a) Control of communicable diseases and eradication of those for which methods for total elimination exist. Pertinent programs shall receive international coordination when necessary.

(b) Acceleration of programs for providing drinking-water supplies, sewerage, and other services essential to environmental sanitation in rural and urban areas, giving preference to lowerincome groups. On the basis of studies carried out and with the cooperation of international financing agencies, national revolving fund systems shall be used to assure the continuity of such programs.

(c) Greater and more rapid progress in improving nutrition of the neediest groups of the population, taking advantage of all possibilities offered by national effort and international cooperation.

(d) Promotion of intensive mother and child welfare programs and of educational programs on overall family guidance methods. (e) Priority for basic and advanced training of professional, technical, administrative, and auxiliary personnel, and support of operational and administrative research in the field of health. (f) Incorporation, as early as the preinvestment phase, of national and regional health programs into general development plans. The Presidents of the member states of the OAS, therefore, decide: 1. To expand, within the framework of general planning, the prepparation and implementation of national plans that will strengthen infrastructure in the field of health.

2. To mobilize internal and external resources to meet the needs for financing these plans. In this connection, to call upon CIAP, when analyzing the health sector in national development programs, to take into account the objectives and needs indicated.

3. To call upon the Pan American Health Organization to cooperate with the governments in the preparation specific programs relating to these objectives.

CHAPTER 6. ELIMINATION OF UNNECESSARY MILITARY EXPENDITURES

The Latin American Presidents, conscious of the importance of the armed forces in maintaining security, at the same time recognize that the demands of economic development and social progress make it necessary to apply the maximum resources available in Latin America. to these ends.

Consequently, they express their intention to limit military expenditures in proportion to the actual demands of national security, in accordance with each country's constitutional provisions, avoiding those expenditures that are not indispensable for the performance of the specific duties of the armed forces and, where pertinent, of international commitments that obligate their respective governments. With regard to the Treaty on the Banning of Nuclear Arms in Latin America they express the hope that it may enter into force as soon as possible, once the requirements established by the Treaty are fulfilled.

DONE at Punta del Este, Uruguay, in the English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish languages, this Pan American Day, the fourteenth of April of the year one thousand nine hundred sixty-seven, the seventy-seventh anniversary of the founding of the inter-American system.

12. Latin American Consensus of Viña del Mar, May 1969

The countries members of the Special Latin American Coordinating Committee (CECLA), meeting at the ministerial level at Viña del Mar, Chile, to examine the conditions surrounding international cooperation and the way in which this influences our external situation. and to propose new approaches that will take due account of current conditions in the Hemisphere, have agreed on the following common position for establishing jointly with the United States of America new bases for inter-American economic and social cooperation.

In the Declaration to the Peoples of America, the Charter of Punta del Este, the Economic and Social Act of Rio de Janeiro, and the Declaration of the Presidents of America, the Governments of Latin America and the Government of the United States spelled out obligations and programs of common action that incorporate the aspirations of the Latin American countries to promote the development and progress of the region. Up to the present time those obligations and programs have not enjoyed adequate implementation and attention.

The Governments of the member States of the Special Latin American Coordinating Committee (CECLA) reaffirm the validity of the principles and purposes contained in the aforementioned instruments and the necessity of full compliance with the commitments and action specified therein.

Furthermore, they reiterate the principles contained in the Charter of Alta Gracia and the Charter of Tequendama, of which acceptance by the United States and support by that country vis-à-vis other industrialized nations will represent a positive contribution to the efforts of the Latin American countries to arrive at more equitable standards in the international community.

Notwithstanding the fact that the solution of the problems of development has been a matter of predominant concern in the international community, the decisions, recommendations, principles, and action programs thus far adopted, although valuable in themselves, have not been sufficient. Therefore, the countries members of the CECLA believe it to be imperative to agree on more effective forms of interAmerican and international cooperation.

The concepts stated in the following paragraphs, which have no antagonistic or negative import, are the logical consequence of the long process of reaffirmation of the characteristic values of Latin America and taking stock of its common interests.

I. NATURE AND SUBSTANCE OF INTER-AMERICAN AND INTERNATIONAL

COOPERATION

1. The member countries of CECLA affirm the individual personality of Latin America. The process of development of the region and the changes that are at work in each of its countries, joined with the changes occurring in the world at large, demand far-reaching changes