(ii) Embankment: - where obtained; deficiency; borrow pits; rock fill; earth fill.

(iii) Subgrade and shoulders:-forming, rolling and finishing each.

(iv) Grading of intersecting roads and drives.

(v) Overhaul.

(b) Telford Foundation.

(i) Location.

(ii) Quality and dimensions of stone.

(iii) Manner of laying and compacting.

(c) Macadam.

(i) Stone: variety; tests; method of computing quantity.

(ii) First course: size stone; thickness; rolling; binding and finishing.

(iii) Second course:

(same as above).

(iv) Third course: (same as above).

(v) Specifications as to nature and use of binder (if bituminous or asphaltic).

(d) Paved Gutters.

(i) Extent; material; foundation; method of laying and finishing.

(e) Side Ditches.

(i) Location; size; payment.

(f) Drains; culverts; basins.

(g) Guard Railing.

(i) Extent; material for posts and rails; details of construction; painting.

(h) Miscellaneous.

(i) Retaining walls.

(ii) Riprap.

(iii) Sign posts.

(iv) Stone bounds or monuments.

(0) Milestones.

71. Laying Cast-iron Water Pipe and Accessories. (a) Preparing Trench.

Section in rock and in earth; extra depth excavation; blasting; tunnelling; length open; shoring, etc.; drainage; care of existing structures.

(b) Laying Pipe.

Unstable subsoil; blocking; jointing; plugging; cutting; setting valves and hydrants; marking location of specials; tests under pressure.

(c) Materials.

(i) Pipe and specials: - reference to standard specifications; inspection.

(ii) Valves: type; material and details; valve boxes; valve chambers.

(iii) Hydrants: — type, material and details.

(iv) Miscellaneous:

lumber.

(d) Backfill.

lead; yarn; mortar; concrete; brick;

Character of material; consolidation; shortage and surplus; overhaul; cleaning up; repaving.

72. Small Reinforced Concrete Highway Bridge.

(a) Excavation; sheeting; preparation of foundation; provision for flow of stream; diversion of public travel; care of pipes, conduits, etc.

(b) Cement:

(c) Sand:

tests; delivery and storage; sampling.

quality.

(d) Crushed stone or gravel:- size, quality.

(e) Steel reinforcement:

quality of steel; cleaning.

(f) Proportions, mixing and laying concrete; use of spalls.

(g) Forms: material.

(h) Placing of reinforcement; contact with concrete.

(i) Bonding of contiguous work.

(j) Surface finishing; protection.

(k) Restoring highway: — repaving; surplus material; cleaning up; disposal of old bridge.

73. Concrete Sidewalks and Curbing.

(a) Excavation; foundation; drainage; roots of trees.

(b) Forms.

(c) Quality and proportions of cement, sand and stone for each course and for curbing; coloring; reinforcement (or corner bar) for curb.

(d) Mixing and laying concrete; finishing surface; expansion joints; protection from elements.

(e) Disposal of surplus material; grading and cleaning up.

74. Retaining Wall of Ashlar Masonry.

(a) Excavation; drainage; foundation.

(b) Dressed stone: -quality; dressing of each bed; thickness of courses; limiting dimensions of headers and stretchers; treatment of edges.

(c) Backing stone:

quality; dimensions; laying.

(d) Mortar: cement; sand; mixing, etc.

(e) Construction of wall: proportion of headers to stretchers; bedding; bonding; thickness of joints; breaking joints; use of mortar; use of spalls; disturbance of bedded stone; construction of backing; weep-holes; pointing up.

(f) Coping: — size; dressing.

(g) Finishing: -removal of surplus material; cleaning up. 75. Small Earth Dam.

(a) Clearing and stripping site: - excavation; drainage trenches; springs; care of stream; etc.

(b) Puddle core: * -material to compose; laying and compacting.

* The student may substitute a concrete core-wall, for which he should prepare his own outline.

(c) Main portion of dam: - choice of material for upstream portion; for downstream portion; riprap slopes; sodding or seeding.

(d) Cement: - sand; mortar; brickwork.

(e) Gatehouse; gates; waste-weir, etc.

76. Pile and Timber Dock (or Trestle).

(a) Piles:variety and quality of wood; (creosoting); straightness and limiting dimensions; preparation of points and of butts for driving; driving; penetration; load formula; sawing off; payment for.

(b) Timber: variety, quality and dressing of wood for different portions; allowable defects (such as seams, knots, knot-holes, sapwood, splits, wind-shakes); framing; flooring. (c) Bolts and nuts; washers; spikes.

(d) Painting; cleaning up.

77. Wood Block Pavement.

(A large portion of this outline would, of course, apply equally well to brick, stone-block or other "permanent " pavements).

(a) Excavation: - disposal of surplus material; overhaul; rolling subgrade.

(b) Curbing:*-material; dressing; setting; headers, material and setting.

(c) Catch basins: materials and workmanship; storm drains. (d) Concrete foundation: - cement; sand; stone; mixing; laying; protection.

(e) Cushion coat: - materials and preparation.

(f) Wood blocks: wood; dimensions; oil; treatment; testing; laying; grouting; expansion joints; covering; protection. (g) Removal of rubbish, etc.

*For concrete curbing see Art. 73.

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

The following list of references is submitted with no claim for its completeness. In its preparation the author had in view the accessibility of the various publications to the average student in Civil Engineering. Occasional valuable articles on specifications (abstracts of many of which will be found among the magazine references) have appeared in publications of the American Society of Civil Engineers, of numerous local engineering societies, of the Society of Municipal Contractors, of the American Society of Engineering Contractors, of the American Society of Municipal Improvements, of the American Society for Testing Materials, of the American Public Works Association and others.

Engineering News:

CONTRACT VERSUS DAY'S WORK

1906, v. 56, p. 411 (cost plus a fixed sum).

1910, v. 63, p. 415 (cost plus a fixed sum); pp. 101, 503, 504 (relative efficiency). 1911, v. 66, pp. 115, 117 (day's work at New Orleans).

1912, v. 68, p. 34 (day's work at Minneapolis).

1912, v. 68, p. 392 (“contract payments based on cost").

Engineering Record:

1909, v. 59, p. 530 (cost plus a fixed sum).

CONTRACTS, CONTRACTORS, ETC.

Under this heading are included references to broad discussions of the mutual relations of Contractor, Engineer and Owner.

Engineering News:

1902, v. 48, p. 45 (contract enforcement); p. 213 (engineers, contractors and specifications); p. 237 (price of risks); p. 287 (duty of engineer to contractor). 1903, v. 49, p. 146 (young engineers and contractors).

1905, v. 53, p. 594 (specifications, contracts and lawsuits).

1907, v. 57, pp. 587, 595 (public contracts); p. 649 (U. S. Reclamation Service specifications, notes).

1907, v. 58, pp. 356, 363 (a contractor's point of view).

1908, v. 60, p. 368 (loose specifications and dishonest contractors).

1912, v. 67, p. 439 (bonds and sureties).