WARSHIPS, MODERN States will be seen on two of the foregoing pages. for any length of time they must operate from a base of supplies, and this limits them practically to coast defense. The services required of the larger boats, however, are of two kinds: they must be able to make torpedo attacks upon the enemies' vessels and able to protect their own fleet against similar attacks. As has been said before, the construction of one type of vessel with marked characteristics is an incentive to the development of another type to destroy her. Just as the armored cruiser was evolved to destroy the swift protected cruiser so has the torpedo boat destroyer, commonly called the "destroyer," been evolved to meet and destroy the largest and fastest torpedo boats. Of larger size and therefore more seaworthy, with a stronger armament and greater coal capacity and speed, and therefore the superior of the torpedo boat in every respect, with the same outfit of torpedoes as the boat and therefore just as dangerous to an enemy, the destroyer promises to drive out the torpedo boat type for everything except harbor defense, just as the armored cruiser shows signs of driving out the protected cruiser type. A comparison of what may be considered standard torpedo boats of the three types is given in the following table: Beam Displacement, tons Monitors. The monitor is a strictly American type and is dear to the American heart on account of the service the first monitor did the country in the Civil War, by defeating the Confederate armored ram Merrimack, or Virginia as she had been renamed. The monitor, being very low in the water, with her water line heavily armored and her upper deck only three or four feet above the surface, affords a very small target, and that well protected, for an enemy's shot; this same quality, however, makes her a very poor sea-boat as, in bad weather or any sea, her deck is awash and it is impossible to work her guns. For harbor or coast defense, however, the monitor has no superior in the minds of many, and we have recently completed four new monitors for this purpose, the Arkansas, Nevada, Florida, Wyoming. Of course there is more or less discomfort in life on board a vessel of this class, as all living quarters are below the water line and artificial ventilation and light must be used constantly, still it is not as bad as might be expected and one becomes accustomed to the conditions. (On one of the preceding pages may be found a table giving particulars of monitors now in the navy. Torpedo Boats.- In the torpedo boat we have reached a class of vessel in which there are practically no qualities of defense and in which the weapon of offense has changed from one of precision, the gun, to one of great uncertainty, Length the torpedo. The torpedo boat depends for success in her attack upon both her small size and her speed, and largely upon the elements of surprise and secrecy; indeed secrecy is vital to her, as discovery means, at the least, failure in her attack, and it is generally admitted that in an attack by a torpedo boat on a warship, say a battleship, if the torpedo boat is discovered in anything like reasonable time her destruction is assured. The rapid-fire and automatic guns discharge such a stream of projectiles that it is highly improbable a torpedo boat, once discovered, could get within range to use her weapon effectively. This virtually precludes all idea of torpedo attack by daylight and even at night the conditions are not all favorable. The torpedo boat when running at high speed rides on the crest of a wave created by herself, and the white spray and foam that accompany this wave are picked up by the battleship's searchlight long before the boat herself can be seen; in addition to this, at high speed her presence is betrayed by flames and sparks pouring from the stacks. On the other hand in thick weather, in rain or in fog, the boat has a good chance against the battleship or cruiser, and the knowledge held by a blockading fleet that a number of torpedo boats were in the shelter of the harbor awaiting an opportunity to attack, could not fail to have a telling moral effect upon their crews and would require the ships being kept in constant motion and moving much farther out to sea at night. Torpedo boats should be small, as the larger the boat the more easily she will be discovered. On the other hand a small boat is unseaworthy, hence there is a natural division into harbor defense and sea-going boats, and roughly speaking a sea-going torpedo boat should not be less than 125 feet long. As boats below this length are too small to keep the sea It is usual for maneuvering purposes and as a precaution in case of accident, to make nearly all torpedo boats of the three types with twin screw, though some foreign navies, noticeably the German, make many single-screw boats. As direction of too high speed. Most authorities in most other types the tendency here is in the and 28 knots enough for a destroyer; this is agree that 25 knots is enough for a torpedo boat. speed sufficient for all practical purposes and the weight saved can be put into the main engines, which are of necessity extremely light and therefore liable to break down. The destroyer type is quite seaworthy and is capable of accompanying the fleet, provided means is at hand for replenishing the coal and store supply. This country has not gone into the construction of torpedo boats and destroyers as extensively as most of the other powers, as is shown in the following table: First class torpedo boats. 35 117 178 103 98 16 The detailed particulars of United States destroyers and torpedo boats are given in preceding tables. The following table gives the total number of steel and iron steam vessels of the United States navy, with their displacement and indicated horse-power. It includes all steam vessels fit for service and those under construction 1 January 1904: WART-WARTHE Displacement Indicated horsepower 349,594 220,170 237.775 warts are certainly contagious; with regard to others, nothing can be said positively on this point. In consequence of the capricious way in which warts often undergo spontaneous cure, there are numerous popular "charms" for their removal. Common warts are so apt to disap8,610 pear that they may be often left to themselves. 5,068 If it is desired to remove them, glacial acetic 10,006 acid may be applied with a camel's hair pencil 16,570 till the wart is pretty well sodden, care being 16,258 taken not to blister the neighboring skin. One 26,456 or at most two applications will usually be 6,418 sufficient. Nitrate of silver and tincture of iron 8,288 are popular and general applications. Salicylic 6,048 3,592 acid in collodion is also very effective. Small 124,480 warts hanging by a neck may often be very 90,388 simply removed by the tight application of an elastic ligature to the base. The wart usually shrivels up and falls off within a week. Elec64,818 16,982 trocautery is sometimes successfully employed. 50,983 14,779 The other varieties must be left to the surgeon. 24 I 10 23 3 12 317,850 6,770 128,513 2,155 12,800 26,089 110,705 6,281 16,010 4,165 8,330 2 2,415 21 4,301 16 6,951 Torpedo boats 35 5,708 Submarine boats 939 Ison cruising vessels. 6,441 Auxiliary cruisers 28,339 Converted yachts 23 1,188 Colliers 16 Hospital and supply ships. 14 240 Total 16585536 1,114 1,675 15,000 21,058 810,812 1,199,215 In conclusion it may be said that on the present basis of naval construction, by the year 1908 the United States will possess the second navy in the world, being exceeded only by that of Great Britain, and taking them ship by ship and class by class, ours are probably superior, as we have steadily pursued the policy of giving our ships relatively heavier batteries than foreign vessels of the same class. See also NAVAL ARCHITECTURE; NAVAL GUNS; TORPEDO BOATS. Bibliography.- Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'; United States Naval Institute; Naval Annual'; Brassey, The Fleet Today; Mechanism of Warships'; Journal of the Royal United Service Institute; 'Steam Navy of the United States'; Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. WILLIAM FLOYD SICARD, Bureau of Steam Navigation, U. S. Navy. Wart, an elevation on the skin, usually a collection of lengthened papillæ, closely adherent, and ensheathed by a thick covering of hard dry cuticle. From friction and exposure to the air the surface presents a horny texture, and is rounded off into a small button-like shape. Simple warts are commonly seen on the hands and fingers (rarely on the face or elsewhere) of persons of all ages, but especially of children. Among other varieties of warts are: (1) the verruca digitata, more elongated in shape and less protected by cuticle than the common wart, and which is apt to occur on the scalp, especially in persons of adult age, and sometimes occasions great annoyance in brushing and combing the hair; (2) subungual warts, generally of syphilitic origin, growing, as their specific name implies, beneath or at the side of the finger or toe nail, and which originate beneath the nail, as they increase crop out either at the free extremity or the side of the nail, and are usually troublesome, often very painful; (3) venereal warts, caused by the direct irritation of the discharges of gonorrhoea or syphilis, and occurring about the parts which are liable to be polluted with such discharges. These last attain a larger size, and are more fleshy and vascular than other warts. It is supposed that warts are always due to some local irritation. Venereal Wart-hog, an extraordinary African swine, several species of which form the genus Phacochorus, and are so named from the presence of a large warty protuberance on each cheek. The P. aliani of Northern Africa is familiar in Abyssinia under the names of halluf or Haroja. Another species is the vlakte vark (P. ethiopicus) of Dutch South Africa, which, like the preceding form, has formidable tusk-like canines and a large wart under each eye. The animal attains a length of 3 or 4 feet, and is reddishgray with a stiff blackish mane and spinal stripe. It is fierce and courageous and fights desperately when brought to bay. Warta, vär'tä. See WARTHE. Wartburg (värt'boorg) Castle, an ancient mountain castle of Germany, not far from Eisenach, belonging to the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar. It was built between 1069 and 1072, and was the residence of the landgraves of Thuringia. The elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony caused Luther, who had been outlawed by the Diet of Worms, to be carried thither, where he lived from 4 May 1521 to 6 March 1522, engaged in the translation of the Bible. See LUTHER, MARTIN. Wartburg, War of the, the name given to a great poetic contest which took place in 1206 or 1207, when the minnesingers assembled at the Wartburg, Germany, for a trial of their skill before Hermann I., landgrave of Thuringia. The poem descriptive of the contest was entitled Kriec von Wartburg, and appeared about 1300. It is a singular, wild, and inharmonious composition, divided into two parts, and its authorship is unknown. The Wartburg festival was a celebration held at the castle by German students on 18 Oct. 1817, in the third centenary year of the Reformation. Several hundred students from 12 universities were present, and here the colors of the student societies were displayed for the first time. The participators in the festival were suspected of an intention of introducing republicanism into Germany, and after the assassination of Kotzebue a large number of them were arrested and imprisoned, and not long afterward all participation in the student societies was forbidden by the authorities. Warthe, vär'tě, or Warta, a European river, the principal tributary of the Oder River. It rises near Kromolov, Russian Poland, and WARTON after a northern and western course, enters Prussia at the confluence of the Prosna. It flows westerly and empties into the Oder at Küstrin. Its total length is 487 miles. Warton, Joseph, English poet and critic: b. Dunsfold, Surrey, 1722 (baptized 22 April); d. Wickham, 23 Feb. 1800. He was the son of Thomas Warton the elder, and brother of Thomas Warton the younger (q.v.). He studied at his father's grammar school at Basingstoke; then at Winchester; and finally at Oriel College. Oxford, where he was graduated B.A. 13 March 1743-4. During the next ten years. he served successively as curate at Basingstoke, Rector of Winslade, and Rector of Tunworth. Then, in 1755, he became usher, or second master, and in 1766 headmaster, of Winchester College. In 1759, he had received from Oxford the degree of M.A.; in 1768 he received those of B.D. and D.D. He remained at Winchester 38 years; but, after suffering three student insurrections, he resigned in 1793 and withdrew to a living at Wickham. There he died, 23 Feb. 1800. Among English writers of the 18th century, Joseph Warton is significant for being probably the earliest consciously romantic poet. The romanticism evident in his hostility to the cold correctness of the school of Pope, and in his enthusiasm for Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton, appears consistently throughout his works. It appears in The Enthusiast; or the Lover of Nature,' written in 1740 when Warton was eighteen and included in his first volume 'Ode on reading West's Pindar' (1744). What are the lays of artful Addison, His Romanticism he again avows in the adver- the most significant books of the whole century In it, Warton openly attacked the poetry of Pope; demolished the ideals of the pseudoclassical school, and in their place set up the romantic standards that have since been accepted. It makes Warton, despite the comparative inconsequence of his poetry, one of the most important forerunners of English Romanticism. His chief works are: 'Ode on Reading West's Pindar' (1744); Odes on Various Subjects' (1746); an edition of Virgil in Latin and English, to which he contributed translations of the Eclogues and the Georgics (1753); twentytributed to The Adventurer' (1753-6); Essays four essays, chiefly in literary criticism, conon the Genius and Writings of Pope' (vol. I, works in nine volumes (1797). 1757; vol. II, 1782); and an edition of Pope's ARTHUR H. NASON, Instructor in English, New York University. Warton, Thomas, English writer : b. Basingstoke, 9 Jan. 1727-8; d. Oxford, 21 May 1790. He was the younger son of Thomas Warton, and brother of Joseph Warton (q.v.). He studied under his father until, at the age of sixteen, he matriculated, 16 March 1743-4, at Trinity College, Oxford. With this university he was associated for life. Here he received his B.A. in 1747; took orders; became a tutor; received the degree of M.A. in 1750, a fellowship in 1751, and the degree of B.D. in 1767. For two terms of five years each, beginning in 1757, he was professor of Poetry; and in 1785 he was appointed Camden Professor of History at Oxford, and Poet Laureate. In 1771, he was made a fellow of the London Society of Antiquaries; and from 1782 he was, like his brother Joseph, a member of Dr. Johnson's Literary Club. Warton's significance in English literature consists in the influence that he exerted in favor of the romantic revival in the 18th century. In his 'Observations on the Faerie Queen of Spenser' (1754), in his critical edition of Milton's early poems, and especially in his great 'History of English Poetry (1774-81), he demonstrated to all who could understand, that English poetry did not begin with Dryden, and that it might rightfully deal with subjects other than those chosen by the Queen Anne wits. His 'Observations on the Faerie Queen' is a strong plea for romanticism and for a study of Spenser, of His History chivalry, and of medieval life. of English Poetry' embodies, in the clear prose style of Warton's day, a knowledge, rare even in our own, of English poetry from the close of the eleventh century to the end of the Elizabethan period. Later scholarship has discovered in Warton's "History' some errors of detail; but it remains, nevertheless, a monument of wide reading and profound research. In addition to these historical and critical works, Warton promoted the romantic movement by his experiments in the verse-forms and subjectmatter of Spenser and Milton. Notable among his imitations of the latter are his sonnets, his ode on the Approach of Summer,' and his 'Pleasures of Melancholy.' His chief works are: The Triumph of Isis' (1749); Newmarket, a Satire (1751); a humorous Guide to Oxford (1760); an anthology of university wit entitled The Oxford Sausage) (1764); Observations on the Faerie Queen of Spenser' (1754); 'History of English Poetry from the Close of the 11th to the commencement of the 18th Century' (vol. I. 1774; vol. II. 1778; vol. III. 1781; vol. IV. never published); Poems . . . by John Milton WARWICK- WASECA Warwick, N. Y., village in Orange with Notes Critical and Explanatory (1777); County; on the Wawayanda Creek, and on the (1785); a collection of his own poems fourth edition (1789); and another edition, corrected by himself before his death (1791). ARTHUR H. NASON, Instructor in English, New York University. Warwick, wor'ik. Guy. See GUY OF WARWICK. Warwick, Richard Neville, EARL OF, English soldier and statesman, known as the "Kingmaker" b. about 1428; d. Barnet, Hertfordshire, 14 April 1471. In the battle of St. Albans (1455), the opening action of the Wars of the Roses, he fought on the Yorkist, the winning side, and three years later as lord-deputy of Calais and admiral of the fleet gained a splendid success over the Spaniards, but a quarrel between his followers and those of the king led to charges against him which resulted in his taking the field of Ludlow with his cousin, the Duke of York (1459). On being defeated, he withdrew to Calais, and thence in the following summer recrossed to Kent, and, mastering London, brought about the compromise by which Henry VI. was to reign for life, but York was to be recognized as his successor. Thereupon Margaret of Anjou, routing and slaying York and Salisbury at Wakefield, advanced to St. Albans, where a second battle ended in Warwick's defeat. Warwick, however, joined the young Earl of March (now Duke of York), and boldly placed him on the throne as Edward IV., then chasing the Lancastrians back to Yorkshire, cut them to pieces on the field of Towton 29 March 1461. Warwick, however, bestowed his daughter on the Duke of Clarence, and after seizing on Edward's person, executing the queen's father and brother, entered upon a scheme for making Clarence king. Failure drove him once more to France, where, through the mediation of Louis XI., he engaged to restore the crown to Henry VI., with the understanding that Margaret wed her son to Warwick's daughter Anne. His landing in Devonshire came like a clap of thunder to Edward IV., who from the North, where he was busy quelling a revolt, escaped to Burgundy, leaving Warwick master of the kingdom. Edward returned in six months' time, and Warwick with his brother was routed and slain at Barnet 14 April 1471. Warwick, England, a market-town, capital of Warwickshire, on the right bank of the Avon, 90 miles northwest of London. The principal buildings are the Church of St. Mary, the Earl of Leicester's hospital for aged brethren, the shire-hall, jail, museum, endowed grammar school, east and west gates, etc. The chief manufacture is gelatine; and the trade in cattle, corn, and provisions is considerable. On the opposite bank of the river, crowning a solid rock, is the ancient and magnificent castle, the residence of the earls of Warwick. The date of the original erection is unknown. Cæsar's Tower, the most ancient part of the structure, is 147 feet high; Guy's Tower, 128 feet high, was erected in 1394. The approach to the grand front exhibits three stupendous towers, and the entrance is flanked with embattled walls covered with ivy. It was partially destroyed by fire in 1871; but the most ancient portion remains uninjured. Lehigh & Hudson River Railroad; about 30 miles southwest of Newburgh and 10 miles south of Goshen. It is in an agricultural region, and near by are iron mines and granite quarries. In the vicinity are the beautiful lakes, Glennere, Greenwood, Clark's, and Wawayanda. The manufacturing establishments are railroad shops, a foundry, creameries, and fabric-hose works. It has six churches, Warwick Institute, graded schools, and a school library. There are two banks; the national has a capital of $100,000 bank has (Jan. 1903) deposits, $1,044,130. The and deposits $267,920. The Warwick Savings village is a favorite summer resort. Pop. (1910) 2,318. Warwick, R. I., town in Kent County; on the Pawtuxet and the Providence rivers, the Cowsett and Narragansett bays, and on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad. It is 5 miles south of Providence. It has extensive manufacturing interests; the chief industrial establishments are cotton mills, flour and grist mills, foundry and machine shops, and blacksmith and wheelwright shops. The government census of 1900 gives the number of manufactories 104, which were capitalized for $8,418,333, and which had 5,544 employees, who received annually $1,852,462. The raw material cost, each year, $2,522,789, and the products were valued at $6,197.506. The town includes several villages, in each one of which there are graded schools, and in some libraries. Warwick was settled in 1642 by a colony of 12 Englishmen, under the leadership of Samuel Gorton. The place was first called Shawomet; but in 1848 the name was changed by admirers of the Earl of Warwick. Massachusetts claimed control of the colony, and in 1643 one result of the contentions was that the place was nearly destroyed. Indians attacked the place several times, and, in 1676, burned a number of houses and wounded many of the defenders of the town. Nathaniel Greene (q.v.) was born in Warwick. Pop. 1890) 17,761; (1900) 21,316; (1910 census) 26,629. or Wasco (wäs'ko) Indians ("grass," "grass people"), a tribe of the Chinookan stock of North American Indians, also known as Dalles Indians and as Wascopums. They formerly south bank of Columbia River, in Wasco Counclaimed the country about The Dalles, on the ty, Oregon, therefore forming, with the Wushgum or Tlagluit, the easternmost extension of in the Wasco treaty of 1855, and are now on the Chinookan stock. They were participants Warmspring Reservation, Oregon. Pop. about 290. Waseca, wa-se'ka, Minn., city, county-seat of Waseca County; on Clear Lake, and on the Minneapolis & Saint Louis and the Chicago & Northwestern R.R.'s; about 60 miles south by west of Minneapolis and 25 miles south by east of Mankato. It is in an agricultural and stockraising region. It has flour mills, creameries, and machine shops. The Minnesota Chautauqua holds its sessions on their grounds bordering on the lake, and adioining the city. There are 12 churches, the Holy Child Jesus Academy, graded public schools, and a school library. Pop. 3,500. |