o THE AMERICANA A Universal Reference Library COMPRISING THE ARTS AND SCIENCES, OF THE WORLD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF FREDERICK CONVERSE CONVERSE BEACH EDITOR SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MLA VAGING EDITOR GEORGE EDWIN RINES ASSISTED BY MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND OF THE MOST EMINENT SCHOLARS AND AUTHORITIES IN AMERICA AND EUROPE 1ssued under the Editorial Supervision of Tbe Scientific American IN TWENTY VOLUMES ILLUSTRATED SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN COMPILING DEP'T 225 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 1911 THE AMERICANA DEPARTMENT AND ADVISORY EDITORS ELECTRICITY WILLIAM MAVER, JR., C.E. Consulting Electrical Engineer, New York JAMES E. CREIGHTON, A.M., Ph.D. ENGINEERING AND MACHINERY Professor of Philosophy, Cornell University WILLIAM MOREY, Jr., C.E. Consulting Civil and Mechanical Engineer New York STEEL ALBERT SAUVEUR, S.B. Professor of Metallurgy, Harvard University JUDAISM ABRAM S. ISAACS, A.M., Ph.D. EDUCATION Professor of Semitic Languages, New York ANDREW SLOAN DRAPER, LL.D. University HISTORY OF THE NATIONS UNITED STATES ANDREW C. MCLAUGHLIN, A.M. Editor of "American Historical Review CANADA GEORGE MCKINNON WRONG, A.M. University Professor of History, University of Toronto WILLIAM T. BREWSTER, A.M. CHARLES WILLIAM COLBY, A.M., Ph.D. Professor of English, Columbia University Professor of History, McGill University AMERICAN LITERATURE MEXICO EDWARD EVERETT HALE, S.T.D., LL.D. ELISHA HOLLINGSWORTH TALBOT Author of “ The Man Without a Country" Author Commercial and Industrial Mexico CLASSICAL LITERATURE GREAT BRITAIN JAMES H. KIRKLAND, Ph.D., LL.D. HALFORD JOHN MACKINDER, M.A. Chancellor of Vanderbilt University Director of the School of Economics and Polite ARCHITECTURE AND THE FINE ARTS ical Science in the University of London GERMANY HUGO MÜNSTERBURG, Ph.D., LL.D. Author of “ Dictionary of Architecture" Professor of Psychology, Harvard University RELIGION AND THEOLOGY FRANCE HON. HILAIRE BELLOC "Robespierre," " Paris," etc. REV. P. A. HALPIN ITALY Saint Angela's College, New Rochelle, N. Y. J. S. KENNARD, Litt.D., D.C.L., L.H.D. MEDICINE Author of “ Italian Romance Writers," StudiSMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D., Ph.D. Danteschi,” “Romanzi e Romanzieri Italiani,” “Les Femme dans le Roman Italien,” “The Editor “ Medical News." Fallen God," etc. JAPAN Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Yale UniMINERALOGY versity; Lecturer on Philosophy, Western Reserve University; Lecturer on Education AUSTRALIA HON. JOHN GREELEY JENKINS Premier of South Australia 1901-5; Agent- General in London for South Australia |