panelled kind, the most simple is what is called a "ledged;" the next in order is a "ledged and braced;' the third, "ledged and framed;" and the fourth, the "ledged, framed, and braced" door. Of the second class, or panelled, the doors are classed according to the number of the panels in each, as "four-panelled," "six" (fig. 63), and "eight-panelled" (fig. 66). Acasement or sash door" (fig. 65) has its upper part provided with a window or glass sheets as c c, its lower part being panelled as b b. Fig. 64 is a two-panelled or front door. A "folding door" (fig. 66) is made into two parts, opening from the centre, and is used between two rooms. The drawing illustrates two methods of panelling this kind of door-half of the design being on each side of the centre line a b.

Ledged Door.-In Plate XII. will be found illustrations of the various forms of doors of which we have now given general descriptions. In fig. 1 is inside elevation; fig. 2, vertical section through centre of door; and in fig. 3, plan of a ledged door. In this a a are the boards forming the face of the door; these are either laid—in the simplest of work-edge to edge, or are tongued and grooved, or rebated (see "Joints used in Joiners' Work"); bb, the ledges to which the boards are nailed. Fig. 3 is a sectional plan on the line in b in fig. 1.

Ledged and Braced Door.-In fig. 4, Plate XII., we give inside elevation; in fig. 5, sectional plan through line c'd' in fig. 4; and in fig. 6, vertical section of a “ledged and braced door." In this the door is made up, as in fig. 1, of boards, a a, and ledges, bb; these being strengthened by the additional members, the braces, c c.

Framed and Ledged Door.-In fig. 7, plate XII., we give inside elevation of a "framed and ledged" door. In this the boards, a a, are surrounded by a frame of two side pieces, bb, and top and bottom pieces, c and d; the ledges, e, e, and d, are tenoned into the side pieces, as shown at fig. 10, and the boards a a are secured to the ledges, the one outside surface being flush with the outside of the

ledges and frame. Fig. 8 is a sectional plan; and fig. 9 a vertical section on line e ƒ in fig. 8.

Ledged, Framed, and Braced Door.-In fig. 11 we give elevation of outside; and in fig. 13, elevation of inside, of a ledged framed and braced door; fig. 12 being plan; fig. 14, being sectional plan through line i j in fig. 13; and fig. 15, vertical section on line g h, in fig. 13.

Framed and Panelled Door.-In fig. 16, plate XII., we give elevation; in fig. 17, sectional plan; and 18, vertical section on line kl, fig. 16. The frame surrounding the panels is made up of two vertical pieces, a a, b b, these being called the "styles." The style to which the hinges are fixed is called the "hanging style;" the other and opposite, sometimes the "lock style," the lock being secured to it. The top cross piece, c c, is called the "top rail," the lowest cross piece, d d, the "bottom rail;" the centre cross piece, e e, the "lock rail;" the vertical pieces, ƒƒ, parallel to the styles, a a,b b, and placed centrally between them, are called the "muntins;" the panels, g g g g, are tongued and grooved into the styles and rails as shown in fig. 17. In fig. 19, plate XII., we give details, one-fourth full size of the ledge, e e, of the door in fig. 7; and in fig. 20, section and elevation of part of the boards, a a, of same door, showing how they are joined. In fig. 21, plate XII., we give a section showing part of panel, g, and of style, b, of door in fig. 16. The scale to which the elevations are drawn in plate XII. is given in plate XIII.

Interior or Dining Room Door.-In plate XIII. we give drawing of this, having moulded panels and architrave. Fig. 1 is elevation of side of door towards the room; fig. 2, that of door towards the passage; fig. 3 is vertical section; fig. 4, plan; fig. 5 is a section of the architrave, a a, a a, figs. 1 and 4; fig. 6, a section of part of fig. 1, on the line a' b'. In fig. 6, a is the style b', fig. 1; c, part of the panel and its moulding on the back "bead and butt," as shown in elevation at a a, b b, fig. 2; the moulding, d', fig. 6, to the front of the panel is "bead and flush;" d, part of the panel and moulding towards the

muntin, c, fig. 1; e being part section of this in fig. 6. Part of the door lining is shown at f, g, being the "rebate," or part cut out, into which the style, a, fits. Fig. 7 is section of the "lining" with the end, a, moulded in place of being plain, as at f, in fig. 6. The corner, b, is finished with a "double quirk," as at b in fig. 4. In same figure, e is the style corresponding to

f in fig. 1, plate XIII.; d, the panel; c, the muntin; e, the panel; and e', the style, f, in fig. 1; ff, fig. 4, the door lining, section of which is given in fig. 7; gg, the grounds for architraves; a a, being section in fig. 5; h h, the brick wall; ii, the plastering. In fig. 3, plate XIII., a, is top rail; b, lock rail; and c, bottom rail of door; d e, panels; f f, skirting boards; g g, door

a

Fig. 67.

linings with double quirk at h; i, line of architrave.

b

Casings of Doors.-Doors are hinged or "hung" to door casings, which line three sides of the door opening in the wall, as in fig. 67; the pieces enclosing the side walls being termed the "jambs;" as a b; the cross piece, c, the "head." The jambs, a b, are secured to wood bricks inserted in and built into the wall, as at d; these wood bricks are the same dimensions as ordinary bricks. (See Building Construction, Elementary Series, Part

Fig. 68.

re

I., "Work in Brick and Stone." The jambs are bated" (see description of " Joints," in a succeeding paragraph) on one side, as at a in fig. 68, to receive the door

F

The

styles, part of one of which is shown at b. In place of having the other end of the jamb square, it may be moulded, as at c, with a "double quirk bead." door casing is surrounded on three sides, in finished work, with what may be called a frame, made of wood, ornamented more or less completely with mouldings, and designated an architrave. This, as seen in the elevation in Plate XII., extends up the sides and across the head of the door opening. The side architraves are called "jamb architraves;" the cross or head, the “traverse" or "transverse" architrave. The architrave is placed with relation to the door opening, that the small end, as j in fig. 68, is always next the opening. The architraves are secured to pieces of timber called "grounds,” which are again secured to the wall by wood bricks, as d d, fig. 68. The edges of these are generally ploughed or grooved, as at e e, fig. 68, to afford a "key" or "hold" to the plaster, f; or the edge of the ground may simply be splayed or bevelled off, as at g in fig. 68. In this figure, h is the brick or stone wall; i, the architrave. Both sides of the opening in wall may be provided with architraves, or one only, as that towards the room. other may be left plain, and finished up in the door jamb with the plastering only. Where no architrave is provided in the door opening, the edge of the jamb lining is usually rounded off with a quirk bead. When the opening for the door is made in a partition, the posts of the partition (see Chapter Second, "Partition") bounding the opening are called the "jamb posts," and to these the door lining is secured.

The

26. The Panels of Doors, a, fig. 65, are usually of greater length than breadth; if of the same dimensions every way, they are called "square panels," as a, fig. 63; if they are of greater breadth than height, as when they stretch across from the hanging to the lock style, they are termed "lying panels," as a in fig. 66. The panels, as will be seen from Plate XII., are fixed to the styles by their edges being passed into grooves made in the styles.

As a general rule, the thickness of the groove is onethird of the thickness of the framing or style. When the panel is of this thickness, as in fig. 69, a recess, as a b c d,

being formed on both sides of the panel between this surface and the surface, e eff, of the style, it is termed a "square panel." This panel being square, both back, bd, and front, a c, the surfaces, it will be seen, do not come beyond the line of the groove-that is, the panel faces and groove sides are all in one line. When one surface of the panel, as g h, is flush with the surface, ij, of the style, kl, it is called a "flush panel," the back, m m, being "square." When the panel has its central part raised, as at n n, the surface being flush with the surface, o o, of the styles, p q, it is called a "raised panel;" in this the margins or sides slope off to the groove, as at r r. Other forms of "raised" panel are shown at ss and t t. These are all "square" at the back, but they may be made "flush," as at g h. When the centre of a "raised panel," as n n, fig. 69, is separated from the "margin," r r, by a moulding, as at a a, in fig.