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N for

person singular future, as I will speak, and sometimes in other forms, as in * non, for I she baked it, 1 Sam. xxviii. 24; shall say, 2 Sam. xix. 14; 110hp, for 115x, teuch

,תמרו ye תאמרו for

ing us, Job xxxv. 11.

98. As for the second kind of defective verbs above mentioned (rule 87), namely those that are supposed to drop their second radical ' or ' (hence called defective Oin Vau, wy, and Oin Yod, y), as Diy, Dip, ', ', the truth seems to be this; that the former sort have, properly speaking, only two radical letters, but sometimes take a before the last radical, being in other respects (except that they are not used in the simple form in Hithpael, and in Huphal assume a before the first radical, as Dpin was set up, Exod. xl. 17.) formed quite regularly; and that the latter sort of verbs, namely those with Yod inserted, are either verbs in which the' is radical, fixed, and immutable, as ' to infest, in which case they are declined regularly; or else they are in Hiphil, the characteristic n being dropt, as D'w for Dwn, from D or D to place; p for pan, from 1 to discern, distinguish. Example of a defective verb of two radical letters.

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100. Verbs of this form frequently in Kal, and sometimes in Ni

phal, drop the 1 before the last radical.

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101. Of the third kind of defective verbs, or of those which drop their third radical, are the verbs ending in 7, hence called defective

גלה קנה as ,לה,Lamed He

102. Observe in general, first, that these verbs usually either drop their before a servile, as from nha to reveal, ia they revealed; or change it into Yod, as nha, for nnha thou revealedst; han, for

* But in the words marked thus * some of Dr. Kennicott's codices supply the s.

nanban they (women) shall reveal; or before a servile n, into n, as

ה she revealed: secondly, that they often drop their גלהה for,גלתה ,יגל final in the future, and sometimes in the fireter and imfierative, as .he commanded, Deut צוה for ,צו ;he shall make ,יעשה for יעש ;יגלה for

vi. 6, 24; ha for na reveal. Psal. cxix. 18; 1 hath consumed us, for

.כלהנו

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KAL.

HITH. HUPH.HIPH.NIPH.

גלתה or גליה (.fem) נגלה הגלה" | הגלה התגלה :Preter גלה

.Future יגלה or יגל
.IMPER גלה גלי

(.fem הגלה הנלה not used התגלה

יגלה

יגלה

יתגלה יגלה

.INFIN גלות גלת or גלו

הגלות הגלות

הגלות התגלות

.Benoni|גולה

גולה (.fem נגלה מגלה (.fem)|נגלה

מגלה מתגלה

.Paoul גלוי

מתגלה

104. Several verbs, with for their last radical, sometimes drop

-and others of these verbs form their infini מלא, יצא חטא בא it, as

to מלאות ;1 .to call, Jud. viii קראות like verbs ending in n, as,ות tive in

fulfil, 2 Chron. xxxvi. 21.†

105. Verbs ending in 3 sometimes drop their last radical before a servile, as they (fem.) shall be supported, for non, from

106. So verbs ending in n sometimes drop their last radical before

.4 .to stuffiort, Isa. lx אמן

I have כרתתי for כרתי ;19 .I die, Gen. xix מתתי for מתי an servile, as

cut off, Exod. xxxiv. 27.

107. Some verbs are doubly defective, chiefly such as have' and ♪ for their first radical, and for their last. Thus we have ran, second person masculine plural future Kal (with paragogic), from na to afflict, Job xix. 2.; 117, first person plural preter Hiphil, from 7 to confess, Ps. lxxv. 2.; D', third person masculine singular future Kal,

ימיש,1 .Lam. ii יעיב ,5 .Isa. lviii יציע,4 .Deut. xi הציף .But comp * Isa. xvi. 9; from which forms it אריוך 12 .Mic. ii תהימנה ,1 .Nah. iii

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appears that verbs ending in a radical but omissible do in Hiphil insert a between the first and second radical letter.

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,9 .Jer. xxvi נבאת for בית ,39 .Jer. xxiii נשאתי for נשיתי ?

‡ Vide num. 886 ante, p. 136.

from 0 to extend, Gen. xii. 8.; 1, first person singular future Kal, from 7 to smite, Exod. ix. 15.

108. The verb 11, to give, is doubly defective in a peculiar manner, for it not only drops its initial J, as 70 (rule 94) and its final one before another (as in rule 105), but it also generally loses its final ]

ye have given נתתם ;נתנתי I have given, for נתתי before a servile n, as

for on; and generally has in the infinitive nn to give.

109. Reduplicate verbs are such as have the last or two last radicals doubled; they are derived from simple verbs, as from à are derived

from ;הפכפך הפך from ;נפלל נפל from ;אמלל אמל from ;גלגל and גלל .סחרחר סחר

110. But in reduplicate verbs derived from those with for the last radical, the reduplication is made by doubling the letter, or two letters preceding then, as from n to complete, tirely, and 4ɔɔ to nourish; from p to be light, vile, ceedingly vile, and php to be exceedingly light; from 3

to burst open.

111. Reduplicate verbs are declined regularly. Except that those of the form of

to complete enp to be exto open, PYD

sometimes use instead of

; ma Eccles. ii. 20, for

the last letter, as 'na, Josh. v. 9, for n; and sometimes in Hithpael assume 1 after the first radical, as jann, from 12, Isa. i. 3; and more rarely in other conjugations, as

third person masculine singular future in Kal, from y, Gen. i. 20.; 1991 Job xxvi. 11, from 57. Such verbs also prefix to the participles both of Kal and Hithpael, as in DDD lifting up, 1 Sam. ii. 7. Ps. ix. 14; pp raising up himself. Job xxvii. 7.

112. Pluriliteral verbs, or verbs not reduplicate, but consisting of more than three radical letters, as Don, han, &c. are, the few times they are used, declined regularly.

+ This reduplicate form of verbs with inserted in Kal, the Hebrew grammarians have called the conjugation Poel, and they add, that verbs defective wy borrow their Hithpael from the conjugation Poel.

OF SYNTAX.

Syntax, from the Greek Zuvragis composition, is that part of grammar which teaches to compose words properly in sentences.

113. In Hebrew the adjective generally agrees with its substantive in gender and number, as Don a wise son, nba niɔ great strokes.* 114. Yet we meet with such expressions as these, ny great cities, Deut. i. 28. vi. 10, et al. ha great stones, Deut. xxvii. 2. Josh. x. 18, 27.; Mau d'Inn and my good and bad figs, Jer. xxiv. 2, 3.; 0'471n nhxon the great lights, Gen. i. 16. But as to the former phrases, it has been observed, rule 23 that the termination D' is not always masculine; and perhaps in such expressions as 'brin nixon, the adjective with a termination usually masculine is joined with a feminine substantive, as a mark of dignity or excellency.

115. Participles follow the same rules of syntax as adjectives. 116. When two substantives of a different gender have the same adjective, that adjective is commonly of the masculine gender, as Job i. 13, D'SON INJ 1'12 His sons and his daughters eating.

117. When two substantives have one adjective, that adjective is put in the plural number, as, 1 K. i. 21, o'xon nphy's I and my son Solomon (shall be) sinful.

118. The same rules of syntax hold good of pronouns, Gen. i. 27,

.male and female created he them, masc זכר ונקבה ברא אתם

119. Collective Nouns, or nouns of multitude, though singular, may have an adjective or participle plural, as D' by the people (are) many, Exod. v. 5; D'N) 77' ¶ɔ all Judah coming, Jer. vii. 2; n Dyn the people piping, 1 K. i. 40.

120. An adjective singular is sometimes joined to a noun plural in a distributive sense, as Psal. cxix. 137, TUDUD TM' right are thy judgments, i. e. every one of them; Gen. xxvii. 29, they that curse thee (are) cursed, i. e. each one of them. Comp. Gen. xlvii. 13. Exod. xvii. 12.

* The adjective is generally placed after its substantive; the noun after its verb, and sometimes after the object of the verb; also when there are two nouns, and the former in regimine, the following adjective will agree with the former noun.

121. The cardinal nouns of number (as one, two, three, &c.) from one to ten, when masculine, have a feminine termination; when feminine, a masculine one.

122. Cardinal nouns of number which have a plural termination are most usually joined to substantives in the singular, but those that have a singular termination to substantives in the plural: D's

Three (or a trinity of) men, Gen. xviii. 2; b’‍bo ny Four (or a quaternion of) kings, Gen. xiv. 9; n)W MIND VDn, nav nisp yaw, Five, -Seven hundreds of years, Gen. v. 26, 32, are examples of both these last rules. Comp. Job i. 2.

123. The cardinal nouns of number are sometimes used for the ordinals, as one for first, three for third, ten for tenth, &c. See Gen, i. 5. Esth. i. 3. Gen. viii. 4. 2 Chron. i. 3.*

124. The plurals in D-of nouns of number from three to nine inclusive signify ten times as much as the singular. Thus vw is three,

.forty ארבעים four, but ארבע ;thirty שלשים but

125. The nominative or noun to a verb is known by asking the question who or what? with the verb; thus in the sentence, God created the heavens, the word God answering the question who created, is the noun to the verb created; so in this sentence, The sun shines, the sun is the noun to the verb shines.

126. All nouns, whether singular or plural, are of the third person, except when they are joined with the pronouns of the first and second persons, I, thou, we or ye.

127. The verb usually agrees with its noun in gender, number, and person, as, 1 n The Aleim were revealed, Gen. xxxv. 7; 'n the earth was, Gen. i. 2.

128. Yet we find, Gen. i. 14, there shall be lights, where

feminine and plur. is joined with the verb 'n' masculine and singular. But seems here to be used impersonally, as in many other instances.t

the

129. When two nouns of a different gender have or govern same verb, that verb is generally put in the masculine gender, as Gen. ii. 1, 1871 D'own 142") and the heavens and the earth were finished. Comp. above rule 116.

* Vide ante, num. 486, in note, pages 84, 85.

† Vide num. 67, in note, pages 22, 23,

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