W. CARR, ARTIST (11 S. vii. 228).-In the Manor Office, Folkestone, there is a plan of land belonging to the Manor of Folkestone, at Sandgate, undated, but apparently about 1780. It is very neatly drawn, and dedicated to the Earl of Radnor by William Carr. In addition to the arms of Lord Radnor there is a neat etching of Sandgate Castle. R. J. FYNMORE.

The Rev. William Holwell Carr, who died in 1830, was a distinguished patron of the fine arts, and bequeathed a considerable number of his pictures to the National Gallery. It is possible that W. Carr was his father or a family connexion.

Wм. H. PEET.

AN UNCORRECTED ERROR IN EVELYN'S 'DIARY' (11 S. vii. 206).-The error has been corrected in Mr. Austin Dobson's edition, but his note is hardly satisfactory. He writes: "There is some confusion of entries here. Evelyn has apparently mixed up an account of Fréjus in Var with Périgueux in Dordogne."

The note is unsatisfactory, because it is evident that Evelyn could never have visited Périgueux. Geography and the dates render it impossible. It is also evident that he did stay at Fréjus on his way to Cannes. He makes this quite clear when he says that the place was by the seaside, and that it was called by the Romans "Forum Julii." Fréjus also has its ruined amphitheatre, just outside the town, and its curious tower.

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I

How, then, comes the confusion? imagine Evelyn wrote in his real diary Ferégeux (Fréjus), and when he came to compose his memoirs fifty years later, he misread his writing. He then consulted some book, and from an account of Périgueux inserted "Rolsies " and " the Visone as names for the amphitheatre and tower. It will be noted both look like additions to the original text: They call it now the Rolsies, 66 and called the Visone." There are many passages in Evelyn's travel-record which show his dependence on books not published when he visited the places described. For instance, a page or two before, when describing Avignon, he writes of "a very fair stone bridge (which has been broken)." Evelyn visited Avignon in 1644, and the bridge was broken in 1669. All through his account of his Italian tour he is often even verbally indebted to John Raymond, who visited Italy in 1646 and 1647, and whose 'Itinerary was published H. MAYNARD SMITH,

in 1648.

Evidently Evelyn's pen made a glissade. He must have meant Fréjus, and not Périgueux, for he says there were divers noblemen's houses in sight of the sea-now further away from the town than it used to be-and that "the place was formerly call'd Forum Julij." This fits Fréjus, for that was its Roman name, and Périgueux is very far inland, with no sea-view whatever. The aqueduct Evelyn mentions was not that of the Gard, but of the Siagnole. The amphitheatre, the Cathedral of St. Étienne, and various Roman remains may still be visited. There is an octagonal tower called "La Lanterne d'Auguste."

DOLLS BURIED IN A SCOTTISH CAVE (11 S. vii. 89, 158).—I am much obliged to J. B. P. for the information given at the second reference. I hope some Scottish archæologist will discuss this curious discovery. If it proves not to be a modern hoax, I may suggest that it is a case of a primitive cenotaph, intended to symbolize the funeral rites in cases where the bodies were irrecoverable. Many parallels might be quoted from the customs of modern savages; and the question has been discussed in Ireland by Mr. G. Coffey in his article on Prehistoric Cenotaphs' (Journal, of the Royal Irish Academy, 1896).

I was right in supposing that the question had been discussed in an early volume of N. & Q.,' and I have, since sending my query, found the references (3_S. iii. 263, 352, 414).

EMERITUS.

66

"OF SORTS" (11 S. vii. 10, 56, 117, 136, 197). At the last reference instances of this phrase in commercial use are given. It is, perhaps, worth noting that 66 sorts in the drug-trade means unsorted. Gum. acaciæ, sorts," for instance, is gum arabic just as it is received in original packages or serons, and containing, as a matter of course, a large percentage of impurities. This may possibly throw some light on the meaning of the phrase. Č. C. B.

"TOUCH" (11 S. vii. 188).-Another compound word in which touch connotes ready ignition is touch-paper, used in pyrotechny. I remember making it frequently when I was a boy, by applying a weak solution of nitre to paper of suitable thinness, my brother and I being addicted to making

fireworks at home and giving displays in the back garden. (I believe it is now illegal to make fireworks except in premises licensed for the purpose.) References may be found in the book which we used as a manual:

'Pyrotechny; or, The Art of Making Fireworks, at Little Cost, and with Complete Safety and Cleanliness.' Ward, Lock & Tyler, n.d. Author's name not on title-page, but on p. 1, "By Practicus."

No doubt the publishers can supply the date. E.g., p. 71 :—

"PREPARATION OF TOUCH-PAPER.-I have spoken about touch-paper, but I do not think that I have yet described its preparation."

The most obvious explanation of the name is that touch-paper ignites at the touch of a lighted match or other fire, but I do not know if this is the correct one.

St. Cross, Harleston, Norfolk.

G. H. WHITE.

THE RED HAND OF ULSTER (11 S. vii. 189). I have been looking for an opportunity of bringing to the notice of your readers the following apparently remarkable effect that was produced by the sight of a card bearing this cognizance.

I quote from The Western Morning Newsfrom their London Correspondent's Letter some time since. He is referring to an incident in the present war in the Balkans, and says:

"Mr. Baldwin, the Central News correspondent, wished to visit one of the magnificent mosques in Constantinople, but, being a Christian, he was refused admission. He produced the usual passport, credentials, and Turkish references, but without avail. Desperately he felt in his pocket, and came upon a card bearing the red hand of Ulster [a press card issued for the Ulster Week demonstrations last summer]. The correspondent proffered the card to the Turkish guardians of the place, without much hope that it would avail him. To his amazement it had a magical effect. The officials entered into a hasty consultation, and one of them disappeared, and shortly afterwards returned with a high functionary of the mosque, who salaamed most deferentially, and conducted the correspondent all over the edifice. Mr. Baldwin is still wondering what the red hand of Ulster meant to the Turks, and for whom they mistook

him!"

Mr. F. T. Elworthy, in his book 'The Evil Eye,' p. 243, refers to the use of the hand as a symbol of power and protection sculptured on tombs at Tel- el-Amarna, and adds: "The use of the hand as a sign of the divine presence and power is thus fixed at least as early as the sojourn of Israel in Egypt......and has continued to be so used.....down to the present dayalike by pagans, Mahomedans, and Christians."

At p. 246 he gives a figure of the open (dexter) hand carved on the keystone of the arch of the outer gate of the Alhambra, "in defiance of the strict objection of the Moslem to images." On p. 247 he quotes 'Murray's Handbook for Spain,' 1855, i. 301, to the effect that this occurrence of the open hand refers to "the Hebrew jadh, the Hand of God, the Oriental symbol of power and providence." In a foot-note to p. 247 Mr. Elworthy adds: "The arms of Ulster are simply a large hand in this position (that is, the right hand as held up by Orientals in taking a judicial oath).

I have also seen it stated, but with what authority I should like to learn, that "the fingers of the hand produce the letters of the word Allah in the Arabic and Persian character," and that "Mr. Baldwin therefore entered the mosque in the name of God."

May I conclude with the question raised by the gentleman who represented the Central News, and ask, What did the "Red Hand of Ulster" really signify to the Mahommedan guardians of the mosque in Constantinople ? W. S. B. H.

66

NORRIS (11 S. vi. 251, 428; vii. 150, 173, this family, and with the phrase used at 212). The following in connexion with p. 212, poor as a crow," is curious :— "Queen Elizabeth used to call the Lady Margaret, his [Sir John Norris's] mother, her own Crow, being (as it seemeth) black in complexion (a colour which no whit unbecame the faces of her martial issue); and, upon the news of his death, sent this Letter unto her, which I have transcribed from an authentick copy:

"To the Lady Norris.

"My own Crow ******

22 Sept., 1597.

'Your gracious and loving Sovereign,

"E. R." Fuller's 'Worthies,' vol. ii. pp. 228-9. Lord and Lady Norris had six sons, of whom four were killed in battle.

SIR JOHN GILBERT, J. F. SMITH, AND 'THE LONDON JOURNAL (11 S. vii. 221). -To many of those living in country places The London Journal, with its tales and illustrations, came as a weekly godsend. It was SO in my old first home. Apart from the tales, sketches, and interesting notes, the illustrations were a source of pleasure the week round. Gilbert's were of country life full-flavoured, and many of them depicted scenes which we all looked upon daily. Every household took in the Journal, and talked of Woman and her Master,' Minnigrey,' The Will and the Way,' and others written by J. F. Smith. The Journal ran in close rivalry with Reynolds's Miscellany and the tales in it written by G. W. M. Reynolds. Both Journal and Miscellany were delivered to me from the country town, and though the price of each was a penny, we paid 3d. each for them,

as well as for The Family Herald and Chambers's Journal. Now and again copies of The Illustrated London News reached us, had always a most hearty welcome, especiand the illustrations therein by John Gilbert ally those with Christmas subjects.

THOS. RATCLIFFE.

STONE FROM CARTHAGE (11 S. vii. 109, 195). A correspondent of The Gentleman's Magazine wrote, under date 5 May, 1792, that near the minor (or north) porch of Stepney Church "is a stone brought by Capt. Thomas Hughes from Carthage, upon which is the following inscription:

Of Carthage Walls I was a Stone
O'h Mortals read with pitty

Time consumes all, it spairest none
Man Mountain Town nor Citty
Therefore O'h Mortals now bethink
You where unto, you must

Since now such stately Buildings
Lye Buried in the dust

THOMAS HUGHES. 1663

An excellent engraving of this stone is common among local collections of prints, &c. It is to be found also in some of the editions of Lysons and the expanders of Strype. Local antiquaries state that this

stone was

"first set up as a corner-stone in the small porch on the north side of the chancel, on the site of the small Vestry, and was afterwards placed on the north wall of the west porch. In 1845 it was placed on the north wall under the belfry."

Just prior to that it seems to have been treated with some disrespect, and was derelict in the Great Churchyard of Stepney. Hatton in 1708 supposes the inscription upon it to be genuine, or it would not have It been permitted to be there." was proved in 1845 that the relic was Turkey stone. Mc.

whom Mr. Hazlitt says, in his 'Roll of Honour,' that he "left part of his collection to St. John's College, Cambridge.'

It appears from my copy of William Bryant's Catalogue that the date of his sale

was postponed from 23 March to 5 April,

1807, and following days.

H. J. B. CLEMENTS. Killadoon, Celbridge, co. Kildare.

'COMUS' AND GRAY'S 'ELEGY': A PARALLEL (11 S. vii. 206). The alleged parallelism between Comus,' 22, 23, and Il. 53, 54 of the Elegy has been frequently pointed out. See the editions of Gray by Mitford, W. L. Phelps, and D. C. Tovey.

The last-named draws attention to its inappositeness,

"since the 'sea-girt isles' to which the simile refers are conspicuous and on the surface; whilst it is of the essence of Gray's thought that the gems are invisible and at the bottom. Milton's thought is in fact Shakespeare's (Rich. II.,' II. i. 46):

This precious stone set in the silver sea." The passage which Mitford quotes from Bishop Hall's Contemplations' is, as Tovey suggests, a better parallel :

"There is many a rich stone laid up in the bowells of the earth, many a fair pearle in the bosome of the sea, that never was seene nor never shall bee."

EDWARD BENSLY.

The illustration from the gems of ocean, used in common by Milton and Gray, is duly noted in the Aldine Edition of the later poet's works. After a further reference to Young's 'Ocean,' st. xxiv. :

In chambers deep, Where waters sleep,

What unknown treasures pave the floor!the annotator proceeds thus:

"There is many a rich stone laid up in the bowells of the earth, many a fair pearle in the bosome of the sea, that never was seene, nor never shall bee.'-Bishop Hall, Contemplations.' i. vi. p. 872. See Quarterly Review, No. xxii., p. 314; ad Fr. Barberini Poem., p. 148, Mápyapa róla Batis συγκρύπτει κύμασι πόντος ; and see T. Warton, 'Milton,' p. 234."

THOMAS BAYNE.

[MR. JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT also thanked for reply.]

EAST ANGLIAN FAMILIES (11 S. vi. 230, 312, 495). I have to thank your correspondents for information, and shall be thankful for more, being resident in a faroff colony where it is very difficult to get at information from books.

I shall be glad if any correspondent can say whether John Hus the Reformer was in any way connected with the family of

FULLWOOD:

(11 S. vii. 203).-Le Neve (ed. T. D. Hardy, vol. i. pp. 543, 545) gives Peche, with the variants Peccator, Peccam, and Pethe (or Pecthe), as the surname of the Bishops of Coventry and Lichfield

HALLEY: PARRY: PYKE

1. Robert, Chaplain to King Henry I., who was consecrated at Abingdon 13 March, 1120/21, and died 22 Aug., 1126; and 2. Richard, who Robert, and Archdeacon of Coventry, who of Bishop

was

son

was consecrated in 1161, and died in 1182 or 1183. JOHN R. MAGRATH. Queen's College, Oxford.

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Then he states the see was vacant four years"; after which he says, that from 1129 to 1148 Roger de Clinton was bishop, and from 1149 to 1161 the bishop was Walter Durdent. Then comes :-

"1162 [year]. 39 [Bishop]. Richard Peche, Archdeacon of Coventry; consecrated in the year 1162; died Oct. 6, 1182.’

The list does not show any surname of the spelling "Pike."

The bishops Peche were probably of noble family, for Fisher, in his list of English holders of peerages, gives :

Peche of Brunne. Barony by Tenure:

1. [holder of title]. i. [holder of first creation]. Hamon Peche [arms: Ar., a fesse, between three chevronels, gu.], lord of Brunne, in the county of Cambridge, in right of his wife, Alice, sister, and coheir of Pain Peverill; died before 1195.

2. ii. Gilbert Peche, son and heir, died before

1217.

3. iii. Hamon Peche, son and heir, died in the year 1241.

Barony by Writ :

RONALD DIXON.

46, Marlborough Avenue, Hull. MARKLAND (11 S. vii. 229). -George Markland was born 18 Nov., 1678, entered Merchant Taylors' School 11 March, 1688/9, and was elected to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1696, whence he matriculated on 30 June in that year. It is doubtful whether he proceeded B.A. Foster says he did in 1700, but his name is not in the Catalogue of Graduates. R. M. seems to say he claims it in the title of his book. C. J. Robinson (after H. B. Wilson) credits him with a Poem on the High Wind' (1705), as well as with Pteriplegia,' which he dates 1717, not (as R. M.) 1727. His father was the Rev. Dr. Abraham Markland, Fellow of St. John's, Canon of Winchester, and Master of the Hospital of St. Cross. Hearne (ii. 56) implies that George Markland was dead before 1707. JOHN R. MAGRATH.

Queen's College, Oxford.

The 'D.N.B.' gives an account of Abraham Markland (1645-1728), scholar and Fellow of St. John's College, Oxford; also of James Heywood Markland (1788-1864), who edited for the Roxburghe Club 'Chester Mysteries (1818). R. A. POTTS.

[The 'D.N.B.' states that George Markland died in 1722, aged 44, and gives the date of publication of 'Pteryplegia as 1727. MR. A. R. BAYLEY and C. W. S. are also thanked for replies.]

"THE SPORT OF KINGS": WILLIAM SOMERVILLE (11 S. vii. 7, 138).-An addition to William Somerville's phrase was made by Whyte Melville, who, replying to a farmer's remark on the glories of the chase during a hunt with the V.W.H., said in my hearing, Yes, 'tis the sport of kings and cornets." HAROLD MALET, Col.

66

for the first time, a summary of the achievements of historical research during the last hundred years.

In his Introduction Mr. Gooch traces the various reasons for the slow advance of historical study. The atmosphere of the Middle Ages was saturated with theology, and "in view of the constant interposition of Providence, the search for natural causation became needless, and even science; an exercise in Christian evidence, not a impertinent. History was a sermon, not & disinterested attempt to understand and explain the course of civilisation." Although history was regarded as essential to the education of rulers, it formed no part of ordinary teaching, Éducaand Fénelon gave it no place in his tion des Filles.' The Cartesians disparaged it, and Malebranche declared there was more truth in a single principle of metaphysics than in all historical books. Thus children were brought up in ignorance of history, although there were protests. Fleury wished that every one should and Rollin lamented that no time was allowed in know the history of his town and province; school for the teaching of the history of France,

which it is a disgrace for every good Frenchman to ignore," and he added that "he felt himself a stranger in his own country.' It was not, however, until 1769 that a Chair of History and Morals was created at the Collège de France.

Mr. Gooch devotes his opening chapter to graphy, Niebuhr, the scholar who raised history the first commanding figure in modern historiofrom a subordinate place to the dignity of an independent science, the noble personality in whom the greatest historians of the succeeding He accomplished so much that it is hard to believe generation found their model or their inspiration. that he died at the early age of fifty-six, "in the fullness of his powers and at the height of his influence.

Accounts of Wolf, Böckh, Otfried Müller, Eichhorn, Savigny, and Jacob Grimm follow. The pages devoted to Ranke and to his critics and pupils, as well as the chapter on the Prussian School, we find of special interest.

Six chapters are given to France, opening with must have perished when" the National Assembly the great Revolution. What historical treasures ordered a holocaust of papers relating to the noble families of France in the Place Vendôme,