born in 1550. He is said to have converted 40,000 protestants to the Roman commugion by the force of his arguments. His zeal appears to have been honest, for he repeatedly refused a bishopric, and other preferments. He died in 1591.-Mereri.. AUGURELLO (John Aurelie), an Italian poet, was born at Rimini in 1441. He was professor of the belles lettres at Trevisa, where be died in 1524. The best of his works is a Latin poem, entitled Chrysopeia, or the art of making gold, printed in 1518. This poem he dedicated to Leo X. who presented him with an empty purse saying, that as he could make gold he knew how to fill it."-Tiraboschi. Moreri.

AUGUSTINE (St.), a father of the church, was born at Tagaste, in Africa, in 334. His father was a plebeian, and his mother Monica was a woman of exemplary piety. Though he had all theantages of a good education he squande ed away his time in debauchery. In 371 his father sent him to Carthage, where he led a dissipated life, and became a convert to the manichces. In 380 he taught rhetoric at Carthage with great reputation, but still continued his licentious course of life, and kept a woman publicly, by whom he had a son named Adcodatus. His mother took uncommon pains to bring him back to yirtue, but finding all her endeavours ineffectual, she had recourse only to prayer on his behalf. Wearied with his situation in Africa, Augustine removed to Rome, where he taught rhetoric with great applause, and in 383 was appointed professor of rhetoric at Milan. Here the sermons of St. Ambrose effected a conversion. He renounced, his heretical notions, and was baptised in 337. The next year he returned to Africa, and was ordained priest. He was at first the coadjutor of Valerius, bishop of Hippo, and afterwards his successor. He died in 450, His writings have always been held in veneration by the catholic church, and from them was formed that system commonly called scholastic divinity. The best edition of his works is that of Paris, in 10 vols. folio, 1679 and 1690.—Bayle. Moreri. AUGUSTINE (Leonard), or AcoSTINI, an Italian antiquary, was a native of Sienna, and flourished in the 17th century. He published an elaborate work on ancient gems, which first appeared in 1657, in 2 vols, 4to, and the last in 1707, 4 vols. 4to, It was translated into Latin by Gronovius, 2nd published at Amsterdam in 1685, and at Franeker in 1694-Nouv. Dict. Hist.

AUGUSTIN, or AUSTIN, (St.), the first archbishop of Canterbury, was a Roman monk, and sent by Gregory I. with 40 others, to convert the inhabitants of this island, about 59. On landing in Thanet, they informed king Ethelbert of their bu iness, when the king assigned them Cantbury for their residence, with permission to exercise their function. The good me

narch himself embraced christianity, but never attempted to bring over his subjects by force. Augustin was consecrated at Arles archbishop and metropolitan of the church. He fixed his seat at Canterbury, and endeavoured to form a correspondence with the Welsh bishops, for christianity had long before been settled in Wales. A conference was accordingly held between Augustin and some monks from the monastery of Bangor. These fathers, it is said, before their departure from Wales, applied to an old hermit for advice how to act, who told them, that if Augustin was a man of God, they should submit to be directed by him; and, on their asking how they were to know this, he said, "if on your arrival in his presence he rises to safute you, he is God's messenger; but if not, he is haughty and proud, you ought to have no more to do with him." When they came to the assembly, Augustin received them sitting, in consequence of which the Welshmen opposed all measures of accommodation. The points in which they were required to yield were, the celebration of Easter, the mode of administering baptism, and the acknowledgment of the pope's authority. Augustin died at Canterbury in 1604, and was afterwards canonized.—Blog. Brit.

AUGUSTIN (Anthony), a Spanish prelate, was a native of Saragossa. In 1554 he was sent to England by the pope; after which he was at the council of Trent. In 1574 he was made archbishop of Tarragona. He was so charitable as not to leave enough to bury him. He died in 1586. He wrote treatises on law, and dialogues on medals, printed in 1587.-Dupin. Moreri.

AUGUSTULUS, Or ROMULUS AUGUSTUS, a Roman emperor, was the son of Orestes, who having deposed Julius Nepos, refused the throne for himself, but placed upon it his son in 476. Shortly after, Odcer and the barbarians invaded Italy, slew Orestes, and deprived the young emperor of his dignity. He was, however, suffered to live a private life in Campania, and a liberal pension was allowed him. With him ended the Roman empire in the west-Un, Hist.

AUGUSTUS (Caius Julius Cæsar Octavi anus), was the son of Caius Octavius, by Attia, the niece of Julius Cæsar. He was born B. C. 62, and having received a liberal education, was adopted by Julius Caesar, He was at Apollonia in Epirus, when his uncle was assassinated; and, on receiv ing the news, returned to Rome, where he found two parties, the republicans, and the followers of Antony and Lepidus. Octavianus was treated with great respect by the magistrates, and principal citizens; but Antony treated him with contempt.. When Antony was proscribed, he joined the ar my that was sent against him; but afterwards he thought it prudent to enter into a treaty with that commander; and these

two leaders, together with Lepidus, formed the famous triumvirate, by which they agreed to enjoy an equal portion of authority for five years. Soon after this, Octavianus gratified the malicious spirit of his associates, by sacrificing his friend Cicero; and, in short, the triumvirs filled Rome with the blood of its best citizens. On the death of Brutus at Philippi, another partition took place, Antony and Octavianus sharing the Roman empire, and Lepidus taking the African provinces. Octavianus obtained Rome, and gave his sister, Octavia, in marriage to Antony. At length Lepidus was deposed, and a difference broke out between Antony and Octavianus, which ended in the destruction of the former, and the establishment of the latter in the empire. In the 36th year of his age, the senate gave him the title of AUGUSTUS. It also complimented him by changing the name of the month Sextilis, in which he came to the consulate, to August. After attaining the imperial dignity, he seems to have corrected his eager temper, and to have conducted himself with moderation. He made some good regulations in the government; reducing the number of the senators from 1000 to 600, and raising the degree of wealth which was to qualify them for that dignity. He also set about reforming the public morals. Augustus carried his arms with success into Gaul, Germany, and the East; but in the latter part of his life the Romans suffered some severe losses in Germany. He died at Rome A. D. 14. He so greatly improved Rome, that it was said "he had found it brick, but left it marble." He was a liberal encourager of men of letters, and his reign was called the Augustan age of literature.-Suetonius. Tacitus. AUHADI-MARAGAH, a Persian poet, who wrote some religious and amorous verses. He was liberally rewarded by the king of the Tartars, and died in 1819-D'Herbelot.

AVICENNA, an Arabian physician, was born in 980. At the age of 18 he began to practise with such success, that he became physician to the court of Bagdad. At last he fell under the displeasure of the prince in whose service he was engaged, and was thrown into prison, where he died in 1036. He left a number of works, chiefly on metaphysical and medical subjects, which have been often printed in Arabic and in Latin. D'Herbelot. Moreri. Friend.

AVIENUS (Rufus Festus), a Latin poet of the 4th century. He translated the Phænomena of Aratus; the Description of the Earth by Dionysius; Æsop's Fables, &c. An edition of his works was printed at Paris, 12mo. 1590, and again in 8vo. 1781. -Vossius de Poet. Lat.

AVILA (Gilles Gonzales), a Spanish historian. He was educated at Rome, and, on his return to his own country, obtained a rich benefice, and was appointed historiographer to the king. He wrote the An

tiquities of Salamanca, the Theatre of the Churches of India, &c. He died in 1658.Nouv. Dict. Hist.

AVILA (Louis d'), a Spanish writer, and commander of the order of Alcantara. He wrote the history of the war carried on by Charles V. against the German protestants, printed in 1546; also, Memoirs of the War in Africa-Ibid.

AVILER (Augustine Charles d'), a French architect, was born in 1653. On his passage to Rome he was taken by the Alge rines, and carried to Tunis, where he designed a grand mosque, which is greatly admired. He obtained his liberty in two years, and settled at Montpelier, where he died in 1700. He wrote a course of architecture in 2 vols. 4to.-Moreri.

AVIRON (James le Bathelier), a French lawyer of the 16th century. He wrote Commentaries on the Provincial Laws of Normandy, which were published after his death.-Ibid.

AVITUS (Marcus Mæcilius), emperor of the West, was born in Auvergne, of an illustrious family. His merit raised him to several important stations, and, on the death of Maximus, in 455, he was chosen emperor. After his election he abandoned himself to pleasure, which alienated the affections of the Romans from him, and he was obliged to resign his dignity fourteen months after his election, and the senate intended to put him to death, on which he fled towards the Alps, but died on the road. His daughter married Sidonius Apollinaris, who wrote an eulogy on his father-in-law, which is still extant-Univ. Hist.

AVITUS (Sextus Alcimus Ecdicius), bishop of Vienne in Dauphiné, was nephew to the preceding. He was raised to the epis copal dignity in 490. He was a great enemy to the arians. He died in 523. A collection of his poems, letters, &c. is extant. Dupin. Moreri.

AULUS GELLIUS, a grammarian, was born in the reign of Trajan, and died in that of Marcus Aurelius. He resided a considerable time at Athens. His Noctes Attica, or Attic Nights, is a curious work, It has gone through a variety of editions, and been translated into English by Mr. Beloe.-Fabric.

AUMONT (John d'), count of Chateauroux, a French general of the 16th century. He served with great reputation under Henry H. who made him marshal of France. Henry IV. appointed him gover nor of Champagne, and afterwards of Brit tany. He was shot at the siege of Comper, near Rennes, in 1595, aged 73.—Nouv. Dirt. Hist.

AUNGERVILE (Richard), bishop of Durham, was born at St. Edmund's Bury, in Suffolk, in 1281, and educated at Oxford. He was tutor to Edward III. by whom he was preferred to the episcopal diguity, in 1333; the year following he was made lord

Commentary on the Provincial Law of Fourdeaux; Censura Gallica in Jus Civile Romanum, &c.-Moreri.

AUTREAU (James d'), a French painter and poet, who died in the hospital of incurables at Paris in 1745. His dramatic works were published in 4 vpls. 12mo. 1749. He had little merit as a painter.-Moreri. AUVIGNY (N. Castres d'), a French historian. He was both a writer and soldier, and was killed at the battle of Dettingen in 1743, aged 31. He wrote 1. The Memoirs of Madame Barneveldt, 2 vols. 12mo.; 2. the Histories of Rome and France, abridged, for young persons; 3. the History of Paris, 4 vols. 12mo.; 4. the Lives of illustrious Frenchmen, 8 vols. 12mo.Nouv. Dict.

Hist.

AUXENTIUS, an Arian of the 4th century, was a native of Cappadocia. Constantius made him bishop of Milan; but he was excommunicated in a council held at Rome in 368. However he held his see to his death in 374. There was another of this name and party, who challenged St. Ambrose to a public disputation, which that great prelate wisely declined-Mereri.

AUZOUT (Adrian), a French mathematician, was born at Rouen, and died in 1691. He is said to have invented the micrometer, his treatise on which was printed in 1893, folio. He was the first who thought of applying the télescope to the astronomical quadrant.-Hutton's "Math. *Dict.

AXIOTHEA, a female philosopher of 'Greece, who lived in the time of Plato, and whose lectures she attended dressed in man's clothes.-Dieg. Laert.

AXTEL (Daniel), a colonel in the parliamentary army in the reign of Charles I. He was originally a grocer, but, becoming a follower of the puritans, they persuaded him to engage against the king; on which he entered into the army, and rose to the rank of colonel. Axtel had the principal charge of the king on his trial, to whom he behaved with singular brutality. He accompanied Cromwell to Ireland, where he behaved with great courage, and was made governor of Kilkenny. In 1659 he returned to England, to prevent the Restoration, but was frustrated. In 1660 he was tried for high treason, and exécuted. Biog. Br.

AYESHA, the wife of Mohammed, and daughter of Abubeker. Though she bore the impostor no children, yet he loved her better than his other wives. She opposed the succession of Ali, and levied an army against him. After a severe contest she was taken prisoner, but was dismissed by the conqueror with civility. She died in 677.-Mod. Un. Hist.

AYLESBURY (Sir Thomas), a mathematician, was born in London, and educated at Westminster-school, from whence he removed to Christ church, Oxford, "whière le

took the degree of M. A. His mathemati cal knowledge recommended him to the duke of Buckingham, by whose means he was created a baroner, and made master of the mint. He encouraged men of science, and the famous Thomas Harriot was one of his dependants. He suffered much during the rebellion, and on the murder of the king retired to Flanders, where he died in 1657. His daughter married the great earl of Clarendon-Biog. Br.

AYLESBURY (William), son of the above, was born in Westminster, and entered of Christ church, Oxford, in 1628. After tak ing one degree he was made, by Charles 1. governor to the duke of Buckingham and This brother, lord Francis Villiers, whom he accompanied on their travels. In Italy he was wounded by two bravoes, who mistook him for another person. On his return the king made him groom of the bed chamber, and commanded him to translate D'Avila's History of the Civil Wars of France, which was printed in London in 1647, and again in 1678, folio. He was reduced to poverty in the rebellion, but afterwards procured a situation at Janiaica, where he died in 1657.-—Wood,

AYLETT (Robert), an English writer, was educated at Trinity-hall, Cantbridge, where he took the degree of LL. D. in 1614, and afterwards became a master in chan cery. He wrote Susanna, or the Arraign ment of the Two Elders, a poem, 8vo. and some other poetical pieces. Wood seents to attribute to him the Britannia Antiqua Illustrata, which goes under the name of his nephew, Aylett Sammes.-Big. Br.

AYLIN (John), an Italian writer of the 14th century. He wrote the History of Friuli, which may be found in Muratori's Antiquitates Italicæ medii Ævi, Milan, 1740.-Mureri.

AYLMER (John), an English prelate, was born in Norfolk about 1521. He was educated at Cambridge, and afterwards became tutor to lady Jane Grey. In 1553 he was made archdeacon of Stow in Lincolnshire, and exerted himself strenuously against popery. On the accession of Mary he went abroad and settled at Zurich. When queen Elizabeth came to the throne, he returned to his native country, and in 1576 was made bishop of London. He was a very dulgent prelate, and kept a strict hand upon the puritáns, for which he has been severely ceasured by their writers. He died at Fulham, in 1591, leaving a large family. Dr. Aylmer was a learned and eloquent man; but of a warni temper. He wrote an answer to Khox's Blast against Women-Life by Strype.

APLOFFE (Sir Joseph), bart, of Framfield, in Sussex, an eminent antiquary, was born about 1708, and educated at Westminster-school. In 1724 he was admitted of Lincoln's-inn, ånd entered of St. John's College, Oxford. In 1791 he was "eltcled

fellow of the royal and ́antiquarian societies. He was secretary to the commissioners for building Westminster-bridge, in 1737; and appointed one of the keepers of the state-papers in the paper office. He printed in 1772 Calendars of the ancient Charters, &c.in the Tower of London, 4to. He also edited Leland's Collectanea in 9 vols. 8vo; Liber Niger Scaccari, 2 vols. 8vo.; and Hearne's Curious Discourses, 2 vols. Svo, besides other works. He died in 1781. There are many curious papers of his in the Archæologia. Gen. Biog. Dict.

AYMAR (James), a French impostor, was born at St. Veran in Dauphiné. He gained considerable wealth at the close of the 17th century, by pretending to have a divining rod, for the discovery of hidden treasure. The fraud being detected he returned to his former obscurity; but it gave occasion to de Vallemont's learned book on the powers of the divining rod.-Nouv. Dict. Hist.

AYMON (John), a priest of Peidmont, who became a protestant, and afterwards returned to his former communion. He was pensioned by cardinal de Noailles, and wrote several books against the reformed churches; he also published the letters of Cyril Lucar, Les Synodes nationaux des Eglises reformées de France, 1710, 2 vols. 4to.; and Tableau de la Cour de Rome, 1707, 12mo.-Ibid.

AYRES (John), an English penman. He was servant to sir William Ashhurst, lord mayor of London, to whom he dedicated in 1694 his Arithmetic made Easy. The year following he published his Tutor to Penmanship, engraved by John Strut. He Eved at the Hand-and-pen in St. Paul's Church-yard, and probably taught school there-Gen. Biog. Dict.

AYRMIN OF AYERMIN (William), bishop of Norwich of the 14th century, was born in Lincolnshire. Edward III. made him chancellor of England, and afterwards treasurer. He was also sent ambassador to Rome, where, instead of forwarding the king's business, he obtained the grant of the bishopric of Norwich. This provoked the king, who refused him admission into the see for some time. He died in 1937.Godin de Presul. Fuller's Worthies.

AYSCOUGH (George Edward), an English military officer, was the son of Dr. Aysrough, dean of Bristol, by a sister of lord Lyttleton. He died of a consumption in 1779. He wrote Semiramis, a tragedy, 1777, and Letters from an Officer in the Guards to his Friend in England, contain ing some Accounts, of France and Italy, 1778, 8vo.-Gen. Bio. Dict.

AYSCOUGH (Samuel), an industrious compiler, was born at Nottingham where he received his education under Mr. Johnson; but his father being reduced in his circumstances, the son was taken from school and

became servant to a miller. About 1770 a gentleman who had been his schoolfellow, hearing of his distress, sent for him to London, where not long after he obtained an employment in the British Museum. Here his abilities began to be respected and his salary encreased till he was appointed assistant-librarian. He also entered into orders, and obtained the curacy of St. Giles in the Fields. In 1790 he was appoint ed to preach the Fairchild lecture on Whit-Tuesday at Shoreditch. church before the Royal Society, which he continued to do till 1804. He assisted in the regulation of the records in the Tower: and compiled a catalogue of the MSS. in the British museum; an index to 56 vols. of the Gentleman's Magazine; to the Monthly Review; the British Critic; to Shak speare, and other works. He was also the author of Remarks on the Letters of an American Farmer. Not long before his death the lord-chancellor gave him the liv ing of Cudham in Kent. He died in 1805. -Gent. Mag. Monthly Mag

AYSCUE (Sir George), a brave admiral, was descended from a respectable family in Lincolnshire, and received the honour of knighthood from Charles I. He dis tinguished himself greatly against the Dutch in the time of the commonwealth, and in 1666 was appointed to the command of the Royal Prince, the finest ship then in the world. He was engaged in the great fight with the Dutch which lasted four days; but having the misfortune to strike upon the Galloper sand, his crew forced him to yield to the enemy. After remaining in Holland for some months, he was permitted to return to England, where he spent the remainder of his days in retirement.-Campbell's Lives of the Admirals.

AZARIAH or Uzziah, king of Judah, succeeded Amaziah about 810 B. C. He began his reign with great reputation, but at the close of it turned idolator, and died a leper.-SS.

AZARIAS, a jewish rabbi and historian of the 18th century, published at Mantua, in 1574, a Hebrew book, entitled, The Light of the Eyes, in which he treats of many historical and miscellaneous subjects. It also contains a Hebrew translation of the letter of Aristeas on the Septuagint.→→ Bantorfii Bibl.

AZEVEDO (Ignatius), a Portuguese jesuit, was born in 1527. Although heir to a large fortune, he resigned it for a religious life, and went to India as a missionary. On a second voyage thither in 1570, the ship was taken by pirates, who put all the missionaries to death.-Moreri.

AZORIUS (John), a Spanish jesuit in the 16th century. He wrote Institutionum Moralium; In eanticum, &c. 3 vols. folio. He died at Rome in 1603.-Ibid.

AZRICULTA (Martin), surnamed Na

H