hoemaker in London, but afterwards became a bookseller, and a great collector of curiosities. He was employed by Dr. Moore, bishop of Norwich, and the earl of Oxford, to enrich their libraries with scarce books and MSS. for which the former placed him in the Charter-house. He died in 1716, aged 65. Several of his letters are in the British Museum-Gr. B. D.

BAGGER (John), bishop of Copenhagen, was born at Lunden, in Denmark, in 1646. His reputation was so high for oriental and theological learning, that at the age of 29 he was raised to the episcopal dignity. He revised the Danish liturgy, and published

some learned Discourses in Latin and Danish. He died in 1693.-Moreri.

BAGI ZADEH, a Mohammedan writer; who commented on the book Escharat u al radhair. He died in the year of the He gira 1013.-D' Horbelet.

BAGLIONI (John Paul), a warlike Italian of the 16th century, was a native of Perugia, where he exercised a kind of sovereignty, till he was driven from it by Casar Borgia. Afterwards he served with reputation in the armies of different Italian states, particularly Venice. Leo X. artfully drew him to Rome, and caused him to be beheaded in 1520-Moreri.

BAGLIVI (George), an eminent physician, was born at Ragusa, and educated at Pa dua. He became professor of anatomy at Rome, and died there in 1706, aged 39. His works were collected and printed in 1 vol. 4to. 1710-Haller Bibl. Med. Pract.

BAGNIOLI (Julius Cæsar), an Italian poet, was a native of Bagna Cabano, and died in 1600.. He wrote the tragedy of Aragoncis, and a poem on the Judgment of Paris.Moreri.

BACOAS, an eunuch (as the word implies), was an Egyptian, and governed a long time under Artaxerxes Ochus, king of Persia, whom he poisoned to avenge the death of Apis, which was worshipped by his countrymen, and slain by that prince. He af terwards poisoned the son of Ochus, and was himself put to death by Darius Codomannus, B. C. 356,-Dizd. Siculus.

BAGOT (Lewis), az eminent bishop, was the son of lord Bagot, and educated at Westminster-school and Christ Church, Oxford, where he was elected student and completed his degrees. He also became a dean of Christ Church, and in 1784 bishop of Bristol, from whence he was translated to Norwich, and lastly to St. Asaph. He died in 1802. Bishop Bagot was the author of a Letter to Dr. Bell on the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, 8vo.; a volume of Sermons on the Prophecies, preached at bishop War burton's lecture in Lincoln's-Inn-chapel, and some single discourses.-Gent. Mag.

BAGSHAW (William), an English divine, was born in 1628, and educated in Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, after which he obtained the living of Glossop, in Derbyshire, which he held till 1662, when he was

ejected for nonconformity. He then officiated to a congregation of dissenters, and died in 1703. He wrote some good books on practical divinity.—Life by Asbe. Calamy. BAGSHAW (Edward), a violent nonconformist, was student of Christ church, Oxford, where he took the degree of M. A. He was for some time assistant to Dr.Busby, in Westminster school, and was ordained by Dr. Brownrigg, bishop of Exeter. He was a man of abilities, but of quick passions, and was sent to Newgate for refusing to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy. He died in prison in 1671. He wrote, 1. Dissertationes due Antisocinianæ, 4to. 2. De Monarchia absoluta Dissertatio politica, &c.-Calamy.

BAHA AL HAKA U ALDIN, the title given to Omar Nakhschbendi, and which signifies "the ornament of justice and religion." He was a Mohammedan saint, to whom the mussulmans attribute many miracles. He died in the year of the Hegira 857.→ D'Herbelot.

BAHALI, an Arabian, who wrote a book on the etymologies of names. He died in the year of the Hegira 220. There was another of the saine name, who wrote on the differences of the mussulman doctors.-Ibid.

BAHAR AL HEFDH, or The Sea of Memary, is the surname of Abú Othman ben Amirú, who wrote a book on the manners of princes. He died in the year of the Hegira 255.—Ibid.

BAHIER (John), a French Latin poet, was a native of Chatillon, and priest of the Ora tory. He died in 1707. His pieces are in the collection of de Brienne.-Nouv. Dict. Hist.

BAHRAM, surnamed Giubin, a Persian usurper, was an eminent commander in the army of Chosroes I. or Nushirvan, and his son Hormouz. He deposed the latter prince, and ascended the throne, from which he was driven by Chosroes, the son of Hormouz. He then fled to the great khan, who, after employing him for some time, put him to death:-Univ. Hist.

BARDT (Charles Frederic), a German writer, was born at Bischosswerda in 1741, He studied at Leipsic, where he took the degree of M. A. and became deputy to his father, who was professor of divinity. Being forced to quit Leipsic on account of an amour, he became professor of biblical antiquities at Erfurt, and published an Essay towards a System of the Doctrines contained in the Bible, 1767, in which he advanced several heterodox opinions. From Erfurt he removed to Giessen, where he, published a number of theological works, filled with extravagances. He left Giessen in 1774, and went to Durkheim, where he became a preacher to the count Von I einingen Dachsburg, who gave him his house for a seminary of education, called the Philanthropinum, which was opened in 1777. Bahr It went to Holland and England to get pupils, and in the latter country obtained

four; but on his return he found that a prosecution had been commenced against him at Vienna, in consequence of which he was obliged to fly to Prussia. He afterwards settled at Halle, where he became an avowed deist, and turned tavern-keeper and farmer. There also he instituted a new s0ciety of freemasons, for which he was imprisoned. On his enlargement he returned to his business as a landlord, and having turned off his wife, kept a mistress. He died in 1792. He wrote many pieces, most of which are extravagant and licentious. Schlichtegroll's Necrology.

BAIAN, or BAION (Andrew), an Indian convert, was born at Goa, and on becoming christian went to Rome, where he was ordained priest about 1630. He wrote several ingenious pieces; and translated the Eneid into Greek verse, and the Lusiad of Camoens into Latin-Moreri.

BAJAZET I Sultan of the Turks, succeeded his father Amurath I. in 1989, and soon after put his younger brother to death. He pushed his conquests far into Asia and Europe, and in 1396 gained a great victory over the christian army under Sigismund, king of Hungary; but in 1402 he experienced a terrible defeat from the famous Timur, or Tamerlane, on the plains of Angora. Bajazet was taken prisoner. Different accounts are given of his treatment by the Persian and Turkish historians. The former assert that he was entertained in a liberal manner; while the others maintain, that Timur shut him in an iron cage, and exposed him to the gaping crowd He died in 1403.-Univ. Hist.

BAJAZET II. sultan of the Turks, succeeded his father, Mohammed H. in 1481. He was opposed by his brother Zizim, whom he defeated. Zizim escaped to Rhodes, from whence the grand master sent him to Italy, where Bajazet caused him to be assassinated. He obtained several advantages over the Venetians and other christian powers. His son Selim rebelled against him, but Bajazet, instead of punishing him, resigned to him his crown, which the ungrateful monster repaid by causing his father to be poisoned in 1512.—Ibid.

BATER (John William), a German divine, was born at Nuremberg in 1647. After receiving several academical honours, he became the first rector and professor of divinity at Halle, in Saxony, where he died in 1694. He wrote a Compendium of Theo logy, and other works.-Mereri.

BAIER (John James), a German physician, was born at Jena in 1677. He was at first professor of physiology and surgery at Altdorf, and afterwards president of the college of physicians, and director of the botanical garden. He died in 1735. He wrote, 1. Gemmarum alabre sculptarum

Thesaurus. 2. De Hortis celebrioribus Germaniæ, et Horti medici Academici AltdorSai Hist. 3. Orationes varii Argumenti,

4. Biographia Professorum Med. in Acad. Altd. &c. &c.—Moreri.

BAIF (Lazarus), abbot of Charoux and of Grenetière, and counsellor to the parlia ment of Paris, was a native of La Flêche, and employed in various embassies. He wrote De Re Vestiaria, and De Re Navali, printed at Basle in 1541. His son John Antony was the author of several poems, and died in 1592.-Moreri.

BAIL (Louis), a learned French divine of the 17th century, who wrote a Summary of Councils, printed at Paris in 2 vols. folio, 1672, and an Account of celebrated Preachers. Nouv. Dict. Hist.

BAILIES (William), physician to Frederic II. king of Prussia, and member of the colleges of London and Edinburgh. He wrote an Essay on the Bath Waters in 1757, -Gen. B. D.

BAILLET (Adrian), a French writer, was born in 1649 near Beauvais. In 1676 he entered into orders, and obtained a small living, on which he supported his brother and himself. He died in 1706. His great work is his Jugemens des Savans, sur les principaux Ouvrages des Auteurs ; or Judg. ment of the Learned on the principal Works of Authors, in 9 vols. He wrote a great number of books on theological and historical subjects; particularly the Life of Des Cartes, in 2 vols. 4to. 1691, and the Lives of Saints, 4 vols. folio.--Mereri.

BAILLI (Roche), better known by the name of La Rivière, was first physician to Henry IV, and pretended to great skill in astrology. He was a great admirer of Pa racelsus, and wrote a summary of his doctrine. He died in 1605.-Ibid.

BAILLIE (Robert), a Scotch divine, was born in 1595 at Glasgow, where he took his degree of M. A., received episcopal or ders, and became regent of philosophy, He afterwards obtained the living of Kilwinning; but in the civil war he joined the covenanters, renounced episcopacy, and was sent to London to exhibit charges against archbishop Laud. While there he was chosen one of the assembly of divines at Westminster, and returned to his own country in 1646. He was one of the cammissioners sent by the general assembly of Scotland to Charles II. at the Hague. At the Restoration he was made principal of his college, and might have had a bishopric if he would have conformed. He died in 1662. His letters, and journal of his transactions in England, were published at Edinburgh, in 2 vols. 8vo. 1775, frem which it appears, that though a man of learning he was an intolerant bigot.-Nov. Dit.

Hist.

BAILLOU (William de), an eminent French physician, was born in 1538, and died in 1616. He wrote Conciliorum Medicinalium Libri duo, Paris, 1635, 4to. A his works were printed at Geneva in 1762, 4 vols. 410-Av. Dict. Hist.

BAILLY (David), a painter, was born at Leyden, where his father, who encouraged his inclination, placed him under de Geyn, an engraver. He afterwards studied painting in Holland and Italy, and attained considerable eminence as a portrait painter. In 1613 he settled at Leyden, where he died about 30. He also distinguished himself as a writer-Houbraken.

BAILLY (John Sylvain), a French astronomer, was born at Paris in 1736. He early shewed a strong inclination to scientinc pursuits, which was encouraged by his friends. When young he communicated some valuable papers to the royal academy, and in 1773 wrote a letter to Bernouilli on some discoveries respecting the satellites of Jupiter. In 1768 he published the eloge of Leibnitz, for which he received a gold medal from the academy of Berlin. This was followed by the elogies of Charles V. La Caille, and Corneille, which, with the former, were collected together. In 1775 appeared the first volume of his History of Astronomy, the third and last volume of which was published in 1779. Besides these works he published several historical disquisitions and astronomical observations. He was elected a member of the French academy in 1764. How is it to be lamented that the phrenzy of revolutionary politics should seize on such a mind as that of Bailly! He entered eagerly into the convulsions of his native country, and was president of the first national assembly. On the 14th of July, 1789, he was chosen mayor of Paris, but soon lost his popularity, owing to the liberal sentiments which he expressed for the royal family, and his enforcing obedience to the laws. In consequence of this he resigned his office in 1791, and went into that philosophical retirement from whence he ought not to have issued. In the sanguinary period which followed he was apprehended, and after a Summary process, condemned to be guillotined. He suffered with firmness, Novem-. ber 12, 1793--Nouv. Dist. Hist.

BAINBRIDGE (John), a physician and astronomer, was born at Ashby de la Zouch, in Leicestershire, in 1582; and bred at Emanuel college, Cambridge, where he took his degrees in arts, and then practised physic in his native town, and taught school. He settled afterwards in London, where he gained so great a reputation for his mathematical knowledge, that sir Henry Saville appointed him his first astronomical professor at Oxford. He published, 1. An Astronomical Description of the late Comet, 1618, 4to. 2. Procli Sphæra, et PtoJomzi de Hypothesibus Planetarum Liber singularis, to which was added Ptolemy's Canon Regnorum, 1620, 4to. He left also several mathematical MSS.-Biug. Br.

Barruosus, a jew, who with his fellow daciple Sadoc, founded a sect which denied a future state and resurrection. At first is sect was called both Baithoszi and

Sadducees, but in process, of time it was only distinguished by the latter-Lightfoot.

BAIUS (Michael), a divine, was born at Melun in 1513. He became professor of divinity at Louvain, which appointed him its deputy at the council of Trent. His partiality to Augustine, however, brought upon him the charge of siding too much with Calvin, and several of his opinions were condemned by his college and the pope. He died in 1589. His works were printed at Cologne in 1696, 4to.-Moreri.

BAKER (David), an English benedictine monk, was educated at Oxford, and after wards studied law in the Temple. On turning Roman catholic he went to Italy, where he entered among the benedictines, and was sent a missionary to England in the reign of Charles I. He died in London in 1641. He was of a mystical turn, and published in that way an exposition of Walter Hylton's book, entitled, The Scale of Perfection.-Wood, A. O.

BAKER (sir Richard), an historical writer, was born at Sissinghurst in Kent, and educated at Oxford, from whence he removed to one of the inns of court, after which he travelled abroad. In 1603 he was knighted by James I. and in 1620 was highsheriff of Oxfordshire. An unfortunate marriage reduced him to poverty, and he was thrown into the Fleet prison, where he wrote several books, the chief of which is a Chronicle of the Kings of England, which went through several editions; the last in 1730, folio. He died in 1645.-Bing. Br.

BAKER (Thomas), a mathematician and divine, was born in Somersetshire in 1625, and educated at Wadham college, Oxford, after which he obtained the living of Bishop's Nymmet in Devonshire. He pubLished the Geometrical Key, or the Gate of Equations unlocked, 1684, 4to. The royal society sent him some questions, which be solved in so satisfactory a manner that they presented him with a medal. He died in 1690.-Wood A. 0.

BAKER (Thomas), a learned antiquary, was born at Lanchester, in the county of Durham, in 1656, and was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, where he took his degrees in arts, and was elected feilow. On entering into orders he had the living of Long Newton, which he resigned in 1690, because he would not take the oaths to king William, and in 1717 lost his fellowship, but still continued to reside in the college; and Prior, who was fellow of the same society, retained the place on purpose that he might give the profits to Mr. Baker. He kept up a correspondence with many learned men, and greatly assisted them in their works. He died at his chambers in 1740, and was buried in St. John's chapel, to which college he bequeathed his books and MSS. He wrote, 1. Reflections on Learning, 1710, 8vo. 2. The Pretace to Bishop Fisher's Funeral Sermon for Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby,

1703. He also compiled the History of St. John's college, which is in MS. 8vo.-Life by Grey.

BAKER (Henry), an eminent naturalist, was born in London and brought up to the business of a bookseller, which profession be quitted, and undertook to teach deaf and dumb persons to speak, by which he acquired a handsome fortune. He married a daughter of Daniel de Foe, by whom he had two sons. He was chosen fellow of the antiquarian and royal societies, and obtained from the latter in 1740 the gold medal for his microscopical experiments on saline particles. He died in 1774, aged 70. He published the Microscope made Easy, 8vo. 1742, and Employment for the Microscope, 8vo. 1764. He also wrote Original Poems, serious and humorous, publihed in 8vo. 1725. His poem entitled The Universe possesses considerable merit. Several of his papers are in the Philosophical Transactions. He left 100% to the royal society for an anatomical or chemical lecture-Biog. Br.

BAKER (David Erskine), eldest son of the preceding, was adopted by an uncle, who was a silk-throw ster in Spital-fields, and he succeeded him in the business; but being fond of theatrical entertainments, he squandered his property and joined some strolls ing companies. He was the author of “a Companion to the Playhouse,” 2 vols. 12mo. 1764, since considerably improved and enlarged under the title of Biographia Dramatica, 2 vols. 8vo.-Gen. Biog. Dict.

BAKEWELL (Robert), a celebrated grazier, was born in 1726, at his paternal estate of Dishley, in Leicestershire. He conducted the farm for several years before his father's death, and turned his attention to the improvement of the breed of cattle, for which purpose he travelled over England, and into Ireland and Holland. His endeavours were so successful that the. Dishley sheep were distinguished above all others, and he let o; e of his rams for the sum of 400 guineas! One in particular produced in one set -on 800 guineas, independent of ewes of Mr. B..kewell's own stock, which, at the same 1. e, would have made a total, the produce of a single ram, of 1200 quircas! Tre race of Dishley sheep are known by the Gaeness of their bone and flesh, the lightress of the offal, the d-pesition to quietness, and consequently to mature and fatten with less food than other sheep of equal weigh. He -o greatly improved his black cattle, and frequently let one of his bulls at 50 guiness a Leason! He died in 1795. —Amor Necrology,

BAPAAM, the son of Bear, er Beror, a soothsayer of Pethor, a town of Mie potas mia. Fle was scat for by Balak, king of Moab, to curse the Israelies; but, rioved by a superior power, he pronounced a blessing instead of a curse. He was slain with Balak in battle, about 1450 B. C.55.

D'Herbelot.

BALBI (John), a dominican of Genoa, who wrote a book entitled Catholicon, seu Summa Grammaticalis, which was printed in folio at Mentz, in 1460.- Moreri.

BALBINUS (Decimus Calius), emperor of Rome, was born of an illustrious family, and chosen emperor by the senate in 237, in conjunction with Maximus. Both were murdered by the soldiers at Rome in 238.Univ. Hist.

BALBOA (Vasco Nugnes de), a Castilian, was one of the first who visited the WestIndies, where he gained immense riches. He settled on the coast of Darien, and built a town. In 1513 he crossed the isthmus, and returned next year with a prodigious quantity of wealth. He sent an account of his discovery to Spain, and the king appointed Pedrarias Davila governor of Darien, who on his arrival was astonished to see Balboa in a cotton jacket, sandals made of hemp, and dwelling in a thatched hut. The governor, jealous of Balboa, caused him to be beheaded in 151, at the age of 42.-Mereri. Roberton's Hit. Autorz

BALBUENA (Bernard de), a Spanish poet, was a native of Toledo, and became a doctor at Salamanca. He was appointed bishop of Porto Rico in America, where he died in 1627.-Moreri.

BALCANOUAL (Walter), a learned Scotch divine, who attended James I. to England, and took his degree of D.D. at Oxford. He became chaplain to the king, master of the Savoy, and representative of the church of Scotland at the synod of Dorut. In 1624 he was made dean of Rochester, and in 1639 dean of Durham. He suffered severely in the rebellion, being forced to fly from place to place; and died at Chirk canle in Denbighshire, in 1645. He wrote the De claration of King Charles I. concerning the late tumults in Scotland, folio, 1630; Epistles concerning the Synod of Dordt, in John Hales's Golden Kemains, and some sermons.-Word Athen. Oxon.

BALCHEN (John), an English admiral, was born in 1669, and entered early into the navy, where passing through several inferior stations he attained the commiand of a ship, and distinguished himself by his bravery in the Mediterrancan under-vir

George Byng. In 1734 he was made an admiral, and in 1743 was appointed governor of Greenwich hospital. He soon after went with a squadron to relieve sir Charles Hardy, who with a large fleet of transports was blocked up in the Tagus. Having accomplished this service, admiral Balcher sailed for England, but a violent storm coming on, his ship, the Victory, was lost on the Caskets near Jersey, and every soul on board perished, October 3, 1744. A monument was erected commemorative of this melancholy event in Westminster Abbey.-Campbell.

BALDERIC, a French historian of the 12th century. He became bishop of Dol in Britanny, and was at the council of Clermont. He wrote a history of the croisade to the year 1099.-There was another bishop of the same age, who wrote a chronicle of the bishops of Arras and Cambray. -Mareri.

BALDI (Bernard), a learned Italian, was born at Urbino in 1553. He studied at Padua, and afterwards became mathematician to the duke of Guastalla. He died in 1617. He translated into Italian several works of the ancient mathematicians, and wrote some good poems in that language. His lives of mathematicians were printed in 1707-Tiraboschi.

BALDI DE UBALDIS, an Italian lawyer of the 14th century, was born at Perugia in 1819. He died at Pavia in 1400. His works are in 3 vols. folio.-Ibid.

BALDI (James), a German jesuit, was born in Upper Alsace in 1603. He was a famous preacher and poet, and died at Neuburg in 1668. His works were printed at Cologne in 4to. and in 12mo. 1645.Mereri.

BALDI (Lazaro), an historical painter, was a native of Tuscany, and the disciple of Pietro da Cortona. He was employed by Alexander VII. to paint the gallery at Monte Cavallo. He died in 1703.-Pilk.

BALDINI (John Anthony), a learned Italian nobleman, was born at Placentia in 1654. He was employed as ambassador at various courts in Europe, and attended the congress at Utrecht. A catalogue of his collection of books and curiosities was printed in the Italian Literary Journal. He died in 1725.-Gen. Biog.

BALDINUCCI (Philip), an Italian artist and biographer, was born at Florence in 1634. He wrote, 1. The General History of Painters, 6 vols. 2. A Vocabulary of Designs. 3. An Account of the Progress of Engraving on Copper. He died in 1696, -Tiraboschi.

BALDOCK (Ralph de), bishop of London. He was educated at Merton college, Oxford, and in 1304 was raised to the episcopal bench. In 1807 king Edward I. appointed him lord high chancellor. He died in 1813. He wrote a History of British Affairs, which Leland had seen, though it is now lost. There was at the same time

one Robert de Baldock, a divine who was in great favour with Edward II. whose misfortunes he shared, and died in Newgate.→→ Biog. Br.

BALDWIN I. emperor of the East,was the son of Baldwin, count of Flanders, and distinguished himself so greatly in the 4th croisade, that on the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, he was chosen emperor. But the Greeks, assisted by the king of Bulgaria, defeated Baldwin, who being made prisoner, was never heard of afterwards. He was succeeded by his brother Henry.-Univ. Hist.

BALDWIN II. succeeded his brother Ro bert in the empire of the East in 1228, being only 11 years of age. In 1261 Constantinople was taken by Michael Palæolo gus; and Baldwin escaped by sea to Italy, where he died in 1273.-Ibid.

BALDWIN, archbishop of Canterbury, was a native of Exeter. He accompanied Richard I. to the Holy Land, and died there in 1191; he was a generous and learned prelate. His works were collected and published by Tissier in 1662.—Bale de Script. Brit. Biog. Brit.

BALDWIN I. king of Jerusalem, was the son of Eustace, count of Boulogne, and accompanied Godfrey his brother into Palestine, where he gained the country of Edessa. He succeeded his brother on the throne of Jerusalem in 1100, and the year following took Antipatris, Cesarea, and Azotus. In 1104 he took Acre, after a long siege. He died after an active life in 1118, and was interred on Mount Calvary. Moreri.

BALDWIN II. king of Jerusalem, the son of Hugh count of Rethel, was crowned in 1118, after Eustace brother of Baldwin I. had renounced all claim to the vacant throne. He gained a great victory over the Saracens in 1120, but in 1124 he was taken prisoner by them, and ransomed on giving up the city of Tyre. He died in

1131-Moreri.

BALDWIN III. was the son of Fulk of Anjou, whom he succeeded in 1143 under the guardianship of his mother. He took Ascalon and other places, and died in 1163.-Ibid.

BALDWIN IV. the son of Amaury, succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem on the death of his father in 1774, but being leprous, Raymond, count of Tripoli, govern ed the kingdom for him. He afterwards resigned the crown to his nephew Paldwin V. and died in 1185. The year following his successor died of poison, supposed to have been administered by his mother, that her husband Guy de Lusignan, might enjoy the throne.-Ibid.

BALDWIN (Francis), a learned civilian, was born at Arras in 1520. He recommended himself successively to the patronage of the emperor Charles V. Anthony king of Navarre, and Henry III. king of Poland, the latter of whom invited him to