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WESTERN CHOOL
NEWS

Madison Babcock has been elected viceprincipal of the San Francisco Girls' High School.

C. W. Roby, ex-Supt. of Fresno City schools, has been elected vice-principal of the Burnett School, San Francisco.

J. C. Muerman, the successful Superintendent of Moscow, Idaho, city schools, was married recently.

Hugh J. Baldwin, ex-Pres. of the California Teachers Association, has been appointed Justice of the Peace of National City. Hereafter it will be Judge Baldwin.

Prof. Edward Starbuck of Stanford University was taken seriously ill at the Grand Hotel during the meeting of the California Teachers' Association, and was unable to fill his appointment.

Harr Wagner delivered his well known lecture, "The Story of Liberty," to the students of Hoitt's School, Burlingame, Sunday evening, Dec. 6th.

Arrangements are being made by Prof. Getz and the Faculty of the State Normal School at Ellensburg, Washington, for a Summer School of Methods.

Alex. B. Coffey delivered his famous lecture, "Fruits of the Press," that has pleased the people from Whatcom to San Diego, at the Y. M. C. A., San Francisco, Dec. 22nd, to a large and appreciative audience.

Dr. W. A. Finley has been appointed Superintendent of Madera County, vice B. A. Hawkins, resigned. Mr. Hawkins has been ill for more than a year. Dr. Finley is a well known educator, having been engaged in private school work in Santa Rosa, San Francisco, and other places, and has acted as deputy during Supt. Hawkins' illness.

EWS.

Recorder James Sutton has just made public the latest figures in regard to the student enrollment of the University of California. In the college at Berkeley there are 905 men and 650 women; total, 1,565, which is 135 more than this time a year ago. There are 716 students in the professional colleges in San Francisco. This makes the total enrollment 2,281, against 2,150 for January 1, 1897. There are 147 graduate students, an increase of 39 during the last year.

The following Scholarship Graduates of the Prang Normal Art Classes, are Instructors in Drawing in Normal Schools: Miss Bertha Coleman, Instructor in Drawing, Normal School, Brack port, New York; Miss Florence H. Fitch, Teacher of Drawing Normal and Industrial School, Milledgeville, Georgia; Miss Helen M. Goodhue, Instructor of Drawing, Normal School, Cortland, New York; Miss Alfaretta Haskell, Instructor in Drawing, Normal School, Oshkosh, Wisconsin; Miss Jessie Spencer, Instructor in Drawing, Normal School, Mankato, Minnesota; Miss Ruth Warner, Instructor in Drawing, Training School, Brooklyn, New York.

The following prominent teachers and supervisors of drawing are scholarship graduates of the Prang Normal Art Classes: Miss Ida E. Boyd, Assistant Supervisor of Drawing, Brooklyn, New York; Miss Lilla A. Nourse, Teacher of Drawing, High School, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York; Miss Jessie Patterson, Supervisor of Drawing, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Miss Margaret J. Patterson, Supervisor of Drawing Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Miss Estelle E. Potter, Supervisor of Drawing, New London, Connecticut; Miss Harriet L. Rice, Supervisor of Drawing, Providence, Rhode Island; Mr. E. Newton Reser, Supervisor of Drawing, La Fayette, Indiana: Miss Wilhelmina Seegmiller, Supervisor of Drawing, Indianapolis, Indiana; Miss Ruth Warner, Instructor in Drawing, Training School, Brooklyn, New York.

TEHAMA COUNTY TEACHERS' INSTITUTE.

The twenty-sixth session met at Red Bluff, Dec. 20, 1897. Supt. O. E. Graves, président; Miss Naomi Baker and E. B. Warmoth, vicepresidents; J. D. Sweeney, secretary; Edith K. Johnson, assistant secretary; Anna Graves, pianist; and G. K, Bingham, musical director.

Prin. C. C. Swafford of Red Bluff High School, delivered a concise lecture on "Preparation for the High School." Prof. E. H. Griggs of Stanford, spoke eloquently on "The Ethics of School Organization and Discipline." Misses Delia Fish and Belle Mathews presented "Language in the Grammar and Primary Grades Respectively." The evening was devoted to a literary entertainment and reunion.

On Tuesday, the second day, Prof. Griggs in the morning lectured on "Influences of Teachers and Parents in Moral Education." It was a pity the audience room was not full of parents to listen to the address.

In the afternoon he spoke on "Systematic Reading Courses for Teachers." He impressed upon the teachers the fact that they must grow to be successful, that they must find time to develop in some special line. He outlined "Courses in English Prose," "Ethical Teachers," "Friendship," and "American Literature."

In the evening he lectured an a "Walk in Florence," and for over an hour conducted his attentive audience thru the streets, into the cathedrals, and before the paintings of the masters. He impressed his hearers with the fact that he was thoroly conversant with his subject and heartily in earnest.

Reading in the several grades was discussed by Misses Albright and Nangle and Myron Yager.

Prin. J. D. Sweeney of Tehama, discussed "Hill's Lessons in Geometry." His remarks led to continued argument on the advisability of having elementary geometry in the grammar grades.

On Wednesday, the course of study was discussed by the institute, led by Misses Rhoda Kemp and Edith Johnson and Prin.

A. W. Glover of Corning. The teachers were requested to send in suggestions as to any changes in the course they deemed advisable.

Miss Mattie White ably discussed the whole subject of percentage.

Question 11 of the Council of Education was the subject of a paper by Miss Mollie Owens.

R. L. Douglas spoke on question 12. The concensus of opinion was that history stories should be given to all lower grades, that the sixth grade study biographies of Americans after the manner of Montgomery's History for beginners, that the seventh grade study an elementary history, and that the regular text book he begun in the eighth and completed in the ninth, and that civil government be taught during the last part of the ninth grade.

Prof. B. F. Allison of Red Bluff High School, discussed question 13. Upon a motion a committee, B. F. Allison, J. D. Sweeney, Lena K. Nangle, Virginia De Shields and Edith K. Johnson, were appointed on Nature Study with instructions to report a course of work to the Board of Education prior to May.

Wednesday the teachers were taken thru "Auld Ireland and Bonnie Scotland," by Rev. J. W. Lundy, who presented a series of views of those two countries.

On Thursday Hon. S. T. Black, State Superintendent, gave his views on "The Certification of Teachers." His ideas are logical and practical and we hope to see them operative in the near future.

Prin. G. K. Bingham of Red Bluff, explained how to teach Word Analysis.

The afternoon was devoted to an experience meeting and the report of committees. In the first the roll was called by districts, and the teachers responded by a question on methods, discipline, etc., whica was fully discussed. This work has been followed for the past three years.

The committee on a course of reading made a partial report, and the resolutions were about as usual.

In the evening Rev. T. H. Gilbert lectured on "A Right Education, the Basis of True Liberty." He presented the subject from the standpoint of a churchman, and argued that without moral training there was no right education and there could be no moral training without religious instruction. He deplored the fact that parents now leave all the moral training to the public school and all the religious teachings to the Sunday school. Simple universal religious truths should be taught. Why not teach about David, Joseph, Moses, Daniel and Joshua as well as of Jason, Hercules and Jupiter?

We all feel that the meeting was an inspiration, and as we are a part of all we have met and heard, we will return to the school room with new life and renewed activities. C. C. Adams was present during the session and presented the publications of The Whitaker & Ray Company. S.

SACRAMENTO, Jan. 17, 1898. TO COUNTY AND CITY SUPERINTENDENTS: The Lincoln Monument Association of San Francisco, W. W. Stone, President, is making extensive preparations for the celebration of "Lincoln Day" on February 12th, 1898. They have asked this office to

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name a committee on public school celebration. In accordance with this request, I naine each County Superintendent of the State as such committee, W. W. Seaman chairman; and recommend that each member of this committee constitute himself or herself a special committee of one to take up this matter within his or her jurisdiction, and prepare and have carried out a suitable patriotic program in the schools. The Association through its president, will be glad to co-operate with you in making the day a patriotic and profitable one to the children of the State. Respectfully,

SAMUEL T. BLACK, Supt. Pub. Instruction.

The Fisk Teacher's Agency, located in San Francisco, 420 Parrott Building, secured a number of places for teachers, and a strange thing for California had to advertise for applicants for a high school position.

The S. F. Teacher's Club is a growing institution and its influence is felt for good in the department..

The Lincoln Monument League, W. W. Stone, President, has issued a lithographic picture of Lincoln, price $1. The League has done active work in securing the proper observance of Lincoln Day in the schools.

Leo Pauly has been elected principal of the Kern City schools. He was formerly located at Tehachapi. His many friends are pleased to know of his promotion.

Susan Lord Currier, the well known writer and teacher, has entered for the post-graduate course, Pedagogical Department, at Berkeley.

The following Institutes will be held this spring: Mendocino, Sonoma, Marin, San Mateo, Riverside, San Bernardino, Los Angeles, Orange and Nevada.

The Southern California Teachers' Association will meet at Los Angeles, March 31, Aprii 1st and 2nd.

Pres. Greeley and his executive committee are arranging a program that promises to be of special interest.

Supt. Greenwood, Pres. of the N. E. A., and the "only Winship," have already accepted places on the program.

Eugene De Burn, ex-city superintendent of San Diego schools, has been elected principal of the Adams School in Umatilla Co., Oregon,

The Oregon State Teachers' Association met in Portland Dec. 28th to 30th.

Chas. H. Keyes, now of Holyoke, Mass., is mentioned as a probable successor of Dr. Edwards of the Washington University.

Only five out of twenty-two applicants for teacher's certificates passed the Tulare County primary grade examination successfully.

A resolution protesting against "the hait of male teachers parting their hair in the middle" has been adopted by a teacher's institute in West Virginia.

From Santa Clara County comes the report that about sixty teachers in and about San Jose have availed themselves of the privileges offered by the teachers' annuity and retirement fund of that county.

Prof. Edward Howard Griggs has been appointed head of the Department of Education, Stanford University, with Prof. Edward Cubberly, City Supt. of Schools of San Diego, as his assistant. Prof. Cubberly's appointment will not take effect until Sept. 1st.

The death is announced at her home in New York, of Mrs. Rebecca D. Rickoff, a well known author of schooi books. She was formerly a resident of Anacortes, Wash., and was the mother of Miss Bertha Monroe Rickoff of San Francisco, who won some fame as a writer. Mrs. Rick off was the wife of Dr. Andrew J. Rickoff, a well known educator. In collaboration with her husband and Dr. William T. Harris, the present United States Commissioner of Education, she published the Appleton series of readers, being the author of Appleton's charts, chart primer and first and second readers. These books had a large sale.

An Inland Empire Teacher's Association was organized to cover the territory embraced in eastern Washington and the pan handle of Idaho. Prof W. J. Spillman of Pullman was elected president; Prof. J. A. Mitchell of Spokane, vice-president; and Supt Muerman of Moscow, Idaho, secretary. The first meeting is to be held at Pullman during the spring vacation. Prof. Spillman

expects that a new State will be formed some day of eastern Washington and northern Idaho with Spokane as its capital. An Idaho teacher thought the pan handle rightfully belongs to Washington. The institute was a great success; its praises were sung by every one, and Supt. Hopson was the recipient of many compliments. Supt. Hopson will go down in educational history as the father of the Inland Empire Teachers' Association. It would have been a neat thing to have made him the first president.-From the N. W. Journal.

Beware of Ointments for Catarrh that Contain Mercury,!

As mercury will surely destroy the sense of smell and completely derange the whole system when entering it through the mucous surfaces. Such articles should never be used except on prescriptions from reputable physicians, as the damage they will do is tenfold to the good you can possibly derive from them. Hall's Catarrh Cure, manufactured by F. J. Cheney & Co., Toledo, Ohio, contains no mercury, and is taken internally, acting direc ly upon the blood and mucous surfaces of the system. In buying Hall's Catarrh Cure be sure you get the genuine. It is taken internally, and made in Toledo, Ohio, by F. J. Cheney & Co. Testimonials free. Sold by Druggists, price 75 cents per

bottle.

The Riverside Literature Series

CONTAINS MASTERPIECES FROM THE WRITINGS OF
THE GREATEST AMERICAN AND ENGLISH AUTHORS.

SUITABLE FOR USE IN ALL GRADES OF SCHOOLS.

SOME RECENT ISSUES.

114. Old Greek Folk Stories. Told Anew by JOSEPHINE PRESTON PEABODY. Paper 15 cts. Linen, 25 cents. With an index of Mythology. Supplementary to Nos. 17 and 18, and 22 and 23,-Hawthorne's Wonder-Book, and Tanglewood Tales.

Paper 15 cts.

115. The Pied Piper of Hamelin, and Other Poems. BY ROBERT BROWNING.
A collection of 26 of Browning's famous shorter poems. With a Biographical Sketch
and Notes.

116. Shakespeare's Hamlet. Edited by RICHARD GRANT WHITE, and furnished with Addi-
tional Notes by ELLEN GRAY CONE, Tutor of Literature in the Normal College, New
York. Double number: paper 30 cents; cloth, 40 cents.

117, 118. Stories from the Arabian Nights. Each part: paper, 15 cents. With an Iutroductory Note. (The two parts also bound in one volume, linen, 40 cents.)

119. Poe's Raven. The Fall of the House of Usher, and other Poems and Tales. With an Introduction of Notes. Paper, 15 cents.

120, Poe's Gold Bug, and other Tales. With Notes. Paper, 15 cents. Nos. 118, 120, are edited by WILLIAM P. TRENT, Professor of English and History in the University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn. (Nos. 119 and 120, also bound in one volume, linen, 40 cents.)

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THE DRAWING OF FOLIAGE

BY KATHERINE M. BALL

[This is a continuation of article by the same author, which appeared in November and December.-Ed.]

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Correct drawing is the outcome of good seeing, and good seeing comes only thru the serious study of the object from every point of view. We should not stop with drawing the face view of the leaf, but we should draw it in different foreshortened positions, positions in which we see parts of the surface roll over and apparently change its shape.

Children should be taught to recognize the principles that govern appearances, so that they may avoid making serious mistakes. For example, when a leaf has a part of its surface rolled over, that part must be of such a size and shape, that if turned back the shape of leaf will be normal, see 14-15 Again, where the leaf turns as in line 1-2 of Figs. 14 and 15, the direction of the line must be straight, i. e., the line may be irregular-curving up and down, but it must be of such a character that it may be blocked in with a straight line. This principle can easily be illustrated by experiments with a leaf or a piece of paper.

It is also important that invisible edges be drawn, so that lines may be found to be continuous and come from their proper places. For example, in Fig. 15, the left margin proceeds from 3 to 1 to 4, and the right from 5 to 6, and then passes under and comes out at 2 in continuous line and proceeds to 4. In the same way, the mid-rib begins at 7, continues to 8, passes under and comes out at 9, terminating in 4. Too frequently we see these principles violated as in Figs. 16 and 17.

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important to know what to omit as it is what to draw, and when the object is so near the eye, as it must be in such an exercise, the child is apt to see and emphasize too much of detail. He should be taught to look at the object thru the eyelashes or with eyes half closed, thereby seeing only general features, and in drawing to eliminate all that is unnecessary.

Children should be cautioned about drawing too many veins. Sometimes it is wise to limit the number. Frequently a child's drawing of a leaf is merely a network of veins and veinlets.

Again, special attention should be given to the manner in which the veins grow out of the mid-rib, for sometimes the growth is tangential, while at other times it is angular.

The drawing of the margin is also important; when plain or wavy there is not much difficulty, but when serrated or lobed there is a tendency to try to draw every little tooth. A suggestion is all that is necessary. Then again we find that the teeth of the serration are frequently cut too deep and are apt to be pointed in the wrong direction.

Children often see things which they do not know how to express without assistance. This is true in their treatment of the With a little help they soon see that a double line expresses the idea of thickness much better than the black mass tuat is so common.

stem.

After drawing a series of leaves in the order given and according to the methods suggested, the children should have acquired not only power to see appearances, but skill to express pictorial representations that will enable them to proceed to the more difficult work of the drawing of twigs, sprays and branches.

It is the experience of teachers that stems, generally, are very poorly drawn. This is probably due to a prevailing feeling that they are of little importance. It is therefore necessary to emphasize the necessity of carefully studying them, and for this purpose special lessons on twigs should be given.

Bare stems are never interesting, but pleasing studies may be found in oak twigs, that have acorns or oak galls attached, or in pine twigs with cones or eucalyptus twigs with buds, and others of a similar character. Owing to their imperishable nature, such twigs may be kept from term to term and always be found useful.

The selection of the twig is of importance. It should be pleasing and shapely and should be arranged for representation so that its flow of line may be seen to the best advantage.

Before attempting its delineation it should be carefully studied, not only with regard to the kind of stem, whether round. or square, smooth or rough, its characteristic detail or general irregularities and manner of growth; but also with regard to the appearance of its position, size and shape. Slow and careful an

Fig.15.

alysis and rapid execution are apt to result in satisfactory draws. In the drawing, the study should be blocked in with very light lines-always drawing the longest and main stem first, then the smaller stems, and last, such remaining features as acorns, cones, etc. It should then be thoughtfully lined in and accentuated.

While in the drawing of leaves, it is desirable to omit all unnecessary details and draw only such essentials as express the idea, in stems teh reverse is true and details are carefully drawn.

Stems should always be represented with a double line, and special attention should be given to express accurately the method of one stem growing

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out of another, as well as the fact that the parent stem is always
larger than the stem that grows from it.
should be given to the ends of the stems, which are often neglected
Careful representation
and left open, instead of being represented as ragged or cleanly
cut. The ends should be as carefully drawn as any other part of
the study.

From the drawing of leaves and twigs we progress naturally
into the drawing of sprays and branches. Again the selection of
the subject, its arrangement for study and subsequent analysis,
together form an important part of the exercise and prepare the
way for a successful representation. To study the spray or branch.
we must take into consideration the effect of the whole, and then
proceed to the study of its individual features, such as the length
and direction of the stem, the number and kind of leaves, and
their method of growth. We see that not the whole of each leaf
is visible, and also that the leaves are not all seen facing.
are seen in edge view and some in foreshortened view. Some
Some
show us their upper surfaces and some their lower, while others
roll over in such a manner as to show a part of each.

17

In the drawing, we should indicate the shape of the whole mass by light straight lines, block in the main stem, then the leaf stems, then the mid-ribs of the leaves, and finally the leaves themselves. Over these lines we should draw the curved lines that express the shape of the object, then add the necessary detail and fiinally accentuate such lines as we wish to make prominent.

study now consists of a series of objects and the question no longer is "which edge do we wish to emphasize?" but "which Accentuation here presents us with a new problem. The object, which leaf?" But the principle is the same-the leaf nearest-or the leaf on top should be strongest, while the leaf under and back should be weak and light in color.

When drawing the spray or branch even less attention should be given to the venation and the serration of the margin of the leaves, than in drawing the individual leaf. The main object of the drawing being to express simply with breadth and feeling, the beauty and general characteristics of the study.

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