Moral and Religious Aspects of Herbert | contain a brief analysis of the Interstate Spencer's Philosophy are presented in a Commerce Act, and a consideration of the paper by Sylvan Drey, under three heads: relations of the express companies to the First, Spencer's theory of religion; second, railways and to the people. Spencer's theory of morality; third, the relation of religion to morality from the Spencerian point of view. The object of the essay is exposition and not defense, and the author has the happy faculty of clear statement, which such work requires. In a lecture on Primitive Man, Z. Sidney Sampson sketches the life-record of man as it is revealed to us by the flint implements belonging to the Pleistocene and possibly to earlier geologic periods, by the articles found among the piles in the Swiss lakes, etc. The lecture is devoted mostly to the discoveries and conclusions relating to the earlier Old and New Stone Periods. C. Staniland Wake describes The Growth of the Marriage Relation, giving the attitude of primitive peoples toward consanguineous marriage, some of the varieties of polygyny and of polyandry that have obtained in various countries, and the chief features in the growth of monogamy. The phase of the subject dealt with by Mr. John M. Bonham concerns Railway Secrecy and Trusts (Putnams, $1.25). The secret discounts that railways make to certain monopolistic manufacturing corporations the author regards as the most serious feature of the railway problem. In his discussion of the subject he traces the growth of abuses in railroad management, showing that they owe their existence to the faulty system under which railroad charters have been granted. He states that the commissions that have been appointed to regulate great trusts and corporations fail to accomplish any reform because they have not the power to get at the secret agreements of these bodies, and he recommends a system of inspection which will prevent the unjust favoritism complained of. The Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1887-'88 is about as late in appearing as that of the preceding year, although it was completed three months earlier. The efforts and appeals of Commissioner Dawson for prompt publication of this document should meet with better success. Among the topics that receive special attention in the report are the condition and needs of education among the thousand Metlakahtla Indians, who have recently removed from British Columbia to an island near Sitka, also among the other inhabitants of Alaska. Manual training, industrial instruction, and education at the South, are also carefully reviewed. Two successive volumes of the Questions of the Day series are devoted to "the railway problem." One of these, by Hon. W. D. Dabney, is entitled The Public Regulation of Railways (Putnams, $1.25). It deals with the commercial relations of the railways to the public, and does not take up the regulation of the roads with reference to safety and convenience. The author discusses first the legal aspects of the question and then its economic aspects. Under the former head are considered the sources of legislative power over railroads, and the limitations of this power arising A course of lectures on the Constitutional from charter contracts, from the property History of the United States, as seen in the rights of the owners of railways, and from Development of American Law (Putnams, $2), the powers of Congress over interstate delivered at the University of Michigan, has commerce. On these subjects, the decisions been published in book form. The subjects of the United States Supreme Court are and lecturers are as follows: The Federal taken as authority almost exclusively. On Supreme Court: its Place in the American the economic side the discussion is based Constitutional System, by Judge Thomas M. principally upon material contained in the Cooley; Constitutional Development in the reports and decisions of the Interstate Com- United States as influenced by Chief-Justice merce Commission, and in the testimony and Marshall, by Hon. Henry Hitchcock; as influarguments presented to that body in the re- enced by Chief-Justice Taney, by Hon. George port made and testimony taken by the W. Biddle; as influenced by the Decisions "Cullom Committee" of the Senate, and of the Supreme Court since 1865, by Prof. various other reports. The closing chapters | Charles A. Kent; and The State Judiciary: its Place in the American Constitutional System, by Hon. Daniel H. Chamberlain. The treatise on Money, by James Platt (Putnams, 75 cents), is historical, commercial, and economic in scope. It gives a sketch of the origin of money, after which the question, What is money? is discussed. The author defines money as a commodity, of the same general nature as all other commodities." But he says that, although a wealth in itself, its utility consists in its ready convertibility. Paper is not money, according to his view. Considerable space is devoted to explanations and counsel about banking. Exchange and interest receive attention, and the author then proceeds to discuss wealth and capital. Some considerations on panics are given, with the aim of preventing the tight grip on money that always aggravates a panic. In the closing sections, means of attaining individual success and national prosperity are pointed out. The History of Federal and State Aid to Higher Education in the United States has been prepared by Frank W. Blackmar, Ph. D., at the request of the Bureau of Education, as one of the series upon the history of higher education in the United States, authorized by the Secretary of the Interior. It is intended to represent the progress of the State idea in education from the foundation of the colonies to the present time. It discusses the rise of national education, with its relation to local, and brings forward the opinions of statesmen and scholars concerning the duties and functions of government in public education. A brief history is given of the methods adopted by Congress to encourage and assist institutions of learning, while the main body of the work is devoted to the presentation in a condensed form of the plans pursued by the Legislatures of thirty-eight States in the treatment of higher education. One of the strongest inferences drawn by Commissioner Dawson from the investigation is that in nearly every instance the foremost desire of the people has been for colleges and universities rather than for schools of a lower grade, the opinion having prevailed that primary and secondary schools were dependent for their existence on higher institutions. The Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College gives an account of the work of the institution during 1889, with the usual information about course of study, professors, equipment, etc. Appended to this report is a paper by Prof. Paul Wagner, of Darmstadt, On the most Profitable Use of Commercial Manures, translated by Prof. Charles Wellington in answer to the demand for information on the subject. In The Evolution of a Life (Holt Publishing Company, $2), Henry Truro Bray tells the story of his early life, of his career as a clergyman in the Methodist and then in the Episcopal Church, and of his being forced to leave the ministry on account of his growing disbelief in the supernatural doctrines of religion and his increasing disgust with the practices of church-members and men in holy orders. The experiences and incidents which are told in this volume under the veil of fictitious names exhibit many of the persons with whom Mr. Bray's labors brought him in contact in no very enviable light. The story, especially the part relating to the author's married life, reveals the joys and sorrows, hopes and fears, discouragements and triumphs of an affectionate, sensitive, and religious nature, which has been sadly torn by contact with the world. Bulletin No. 7 of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station contains accounts of experiments and observations on seven subjects. The chief article is on varieties of corn, and is illustrated with four plates. The other topics treated are the millets, sugar from sorghum, the codling moth, new Cynipida, the hog-louse, and varieties of grapes. The Monthly Bulletin of the Iowa State Board of Health (Des Moines, 25 cents a year) is a decidedly practical and wide-awake document. Each number is made up of brief and timely articles on hygienic subjects, replies to questions, reports of mortality, and of the appearance of contagious diseases within the State, etc. A Signal Corps meteorological report for each month is also included. A brief account of Massage and the Original Swedish Movements has been prepared for physicians and others interested by Kurre W. Ostrom (Blakiston, 75 cents). It describes the operations of massage, with figures, and the various passive movements belonging to the Swedish system. Lists of American Chemical Society, Journal, March, 1890. Monthly. New York: John Polhemus. Pp. 24. $5 a year. Barkan, Louis, M. D. How to preserve Health. New York: Exchange Printing Company. Pp. 344. Bashkirtseff, Marie. The Journal of a Young Artist. New York: Cassell Publishing Company. Pp. 434. 50 cents. Bean, Tarleton H. Description of a New Cottold Fish. Pp. 2. Blackmar, Frank W. The History of Federal and State Aid to Higher Education in the United States. Washington: Government Printing-Office. Pp. 343. Boole, Mary. Logic taught by Love. Boston: Alfred Mudge & Son. Pp. 177. Brinton, Daniel G. Essays of an Americanist. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. Pp. 489. $8. Brinton, Daniel G., and Jastrow, Morris, Jr. The Cradle of the Semites. Pp. 26. Canfield, William B., M. D. Three Papers on Pulmonary Phthisis and Pneumonia. Pp. 10.Some Complications of Chronic Endarteritis. Pp. 10. The Early Detection of Pulmonary Consumption. Pp. 11. Baltimore. Church, M. B., Grand Rapids, Mich. Sanitary Ceilings and Walls. P'p. 8. Clark, Daniel, M. D. Faith-Cure. Toronto: D. T. McAinsh. Pp. 11. Coast and Geodetic Survey, United States.-Culminations and Elongations of Azimuths. By Charles A. Schott. Pp. 5.-Verification of Weights and Measures. By O. H. Tittmann. Pp. 3.-Description of Two New Transit Instruments. By Edwin Smith. Pp. 4.-Relation between the Metric Standards of Length. By C. A. Schott and O. H. Tittmann. Pp. 10. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin. Sundry Investigations. Pp. 32 Second Annual Report. Pp. 228. Ithaca, N. Y. Coulter, Stanley. Histology of the Leaf of Taxodium. Pp. 32, with Plate. Crothers, T. D., M. D. Sketch of the Late Dr. Edward Turner the Founder of Inebriate Asylums. Hartford, Conn.: Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company. Pp. 25. Dall, W. H. Report on Mollusca and Brachiopoda obtained by United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. Washington: Government Printing-Office. Pp. 144. Darwin, Charles. A Naturalist's Voyage round the World. New edition. Illustrated. New York: D. Appleton & Co. Pp. 551. $5. Dean, Dr. G. S., San Francisco. Dental Education. Pp. 22. Druggist, National. Poisons and their Antidotes. Chart. Dudley, William L. The Nature of Amalgams. Pp. 24. Earl, A. G. The Elements of Laboratory Work. London and New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Pp. 179. $1.40. Education Association, National. Proceedings of the Department of Superintendence, March, 1889. Washington: Government Printing-Office. Pp. 800. Etter, J. W., D. D., Editor. Quarterly Review of the United Brethren in Christ. Vol. I, No. 1, Janu50 ary. 1890. Dayton, O.; W. J. Shuey. Pp. 100. cents. $1.50 a year. Everts, Orpheus, M. D., College Hill, Ohio. Treatment of the Insane. Pp. 8.-Expert Testimony and Medical Experts. Pp. 8. Fewkes, J. Walter. A Few Californian Medusæ. Pp. 12, with Plates.-On Excavations made in Rocks by Sea-Urchins. Pp. 21. Fisher, Sydney G., Philadelphia. The Cause of Increase of Divorce. Pp. 20. Forbes, S. A.. University of Illinois. History and Status of Public-School Science Work in Illinois. Pp. 15. Gior Green, H. L., Freethinkers' Magazine. dano Bruno: his Life, Works, etc. Pp. 20.-Giordano Bruno, Pamphlet No. 2. Pp. 20.-Roscoe Conkling Memorial Oration. By Robert G. Ingersoll. Pp. 8.-Robert G. Ingersoll's Centennial Öration of the Declaration of Independence. Pp. 22.The Myth of the Great Deluge. By James M. McCann. Pp. 82.-What constitutes a Freethinker? By H. L. Green. Pp. 3.-Church and State, etc. By "Jefferson." Pp. 28. Grote, A. Radcliffe. Revised Check List of the North American Noctuidae. Part L. Bremen, Germany. Pp. 52. Heydenfeldt, S., Jr. The Union of the Conscious Forces. San Francisco. Pp. 12. Hubbard, T. S., & Co.. Fredonia, N. Y. Descriptive Catalogue of Grape- Vines and Small Fruits. Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. Second Annual Report. Pp. 18-The Biology of Ensilage. Pp. 122. Illinois State Board of Health. Tenth Annual Report. Pp. 813. Iowa State Board of Health. Monthly Bulletin, February, 1890. Pp. 24. James, Joseph F. The Effect of Rain on Earthworms. Pp. 3. Knobloch, A. Sound-English. A Language for the World. New York: Gustav E. Stechert. Pp. 63. Koebele, Albert. Natural Enemies of the Fluted Scale. Washington: Government Printing-Office. Pp. 32. Lum, Dyer D. The Economics of Anarchy. Chicago: George A. Schilling. Pp. 59. McDonald, Marshall, Commissioner. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission for 1887. Washington: Government Printing-Office. Pp. 475. Mason, Otis T. The Archæology of the Potomac Tide-Water Region; and Wilson, Thomas. The Paleolithic Period in the District of Columbia. Washington: Government Printing-Office. Pp. 10. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Productiveness of Farm-lands. Pp. 16. Mills, W. T. Tariff Legislation or Arbitration? Pp. 8. Niagara State Reservation. Sixth Annual Report of the Commissioners. Albany: James B. Lyon. Pp. $4. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. Eighth Annual Report. Pp. 64. 90. 25 cents. Wash Stejneger, Leonhard. Birds collected in Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, by Valdemar Knudsen. ington: Government Printing-Office. Pp. 10. Stone, W. E. Cane-Sugar in the Sweet Potato. Pp. 5. Thorpe, T. E. A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. London and New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Vol I. Pp. 715. Tubs with Bottoms and Tubs without. (Anonymous.) Printed for the author at 20 Cooper Union, New York. Pp. 345. $1. Walcott, Charles D. Inarticulate Brachiopod from the Trenton Limestone. P. 1. Ward, Lester F. The Geographical Distribution of Fossil Plants. Washington: Government Printing-Office. Pp. 180, with Map. Wendel, F. C. H. D. Appleton & Co. History of Egypt. New York: Pp. 158. White, David. Cretaceous Plants from Martha's Vineyard. Pp. 8, with Plate. Whitlock, L. L. List of Scientific and Trade Papers. Boston. Pp. 80. 50 cents. Willard, Frances E. Glimpses of Fifty Years. The Autobiography of an American Wo:nan. Chicago: Woman's Temperance Publishing Association. Pp. 704. part of his life. He also occupied for some years the chair of Physical Sciences in the State Normal School at Shippenburg, Pa. In his career as an educator, he from the start laid great stress on the importance of the study of nature, and was indeed a bold and fearless innovator in this respect, anticipating by perhaps a quarter of a century the recognition that scientific studies have subsequently had in all the highest institutions of learning. His life was quiet, simple, dignified, but laborious. He was a member of the chief scientific bodies both in this country and abroad, and his contributions in the shape of addresses before learned societies, pamphlets, and articles in scientific periodicals were many and varied, always strikingly original, often profound, and sometimes prophetic. Among these contributions, chiefly on astronomical problems, was one entitled The Two Great Works to be done on our Sidereal Systems. In this publication two questions are asked-First: Which way round does the great ring of the milky way revolve? Second: In which direction must we look for the center of our sidereal systems, and how far is it distant? These two questions he attempted to answer himself in an unpublished work, upon which he expended all the time and thought that he could command Yeo, J. Burney, M. D. Food in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers & Co. Pp. during the latter days of his life. He con 533. POPULAR MISCELLANY. Jacob Ennis. This able but retiring man was born in Essex County, N. J., in 1807. He came of sturdy Scotch-Irish stock on his father's side, and was of Dutch extraction (the Doremuses) on his mother's side. After graduating at Rutgers College, and when yet quite a young man, he connected himself with the Dutch Reformed Church, and was by that organization sent to the islands of Java and Sumatra as a missionary, where he remained four years. Here his powers of observation and his love for the study of nature had an early development. Returning to his native country, he soon engaged in educational work, and was elected Professor of Natural Sciences in the National Military College of Bristol, Pa. Afterward he became principal and proprietor of the Scientific and Classical Institute of Philadelphia, where he spent the best sidered this the most important and certainly the most original and far-reaching of his works on astronomy, and it will no doubt be published in due time. In his book on The Origin of the Stars, published over twenty years ago, some of the most transcendental problems of physical astronomy were attacked and solved with a keen analysis, an abundance of facts, and a wealth of illustration worthy of a master of the science. Prof. Ennis's intellectual scope and sympathies were not narrow or one-sided; he was familiar with the entire range of English and classical literature, and was an excellent linguist. His literary style was simple, direct, and lucid; he had a great dislike for "big words," and always succeeded in making his ideas clear by the use of plain and untechnical language even when handling the most abstruse problems. His habits and tastes were simple, his wants few, his disposition kindly and gentle, and the attitude of his mind was distinctly reverent. He was so quiet, mod est, and unobtrusive that but few suspected | far as the schools teach the scientific printhe presence of a great thinker so near at home, and fewer still knew him personally. He died in Houston, Texas, January 12, 1890. ciples that underlie the practical points of their work, they add intellectual education to physical education. The study of general scientific principles, according to Dr. William T. Harris's interpretation of the views of the report, would be educative in the first rank: they explain all machines and all natural phenomena in our present experience, and will explain those that we meet in the future. In the second rank are special applications of science in the form of theories of special machines, as, for example, of the steam-engine. These theories explain all machines made in accordance with them; they are very general, but not so general as the scientific theories of the forces involved. They are accordingly less educative. A third and least educative school exercise is the construction of a particular machine, when the theory is narrowed down to a special example. The laborer meets many new things in the work of constructing the machine, but unhappily they are not educative, because they are contingent, and do not assist in explaining or constructing the next machine. Examined in these three grades of educative value, the purely manual work of the school belongs to the lowest grade, and furnishes the obscurest knowledge of principles covered up by a mass of non-essential circumstances. The committee, however, lays stress on the importance of æs The Late Henry James Clark.-A biography and bibliography of Henry James Clark has been published by the Massachusetts Agricultural College, in which he was the first professor. He was born in 1826, began the study of botany under Asa Gray in 1850, and became a pupil and private assistant of Agassiz, who spoke of him in 1857 as "the most accurate observer in the country." He was in succession adjunct Professor of Zoology in Harvard University; Professor of Botany, Zoology, and Geology in the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania; Professor of Natural History in the University of Kentucky; and Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Veterinary Science in the Massachusetts Agricultural College; and he was a member, fellow, or correspondent of the principal American scientific societies, including the Academy of Sciences when its membership was limited to fifty. He assisted Agassiz in the preparation of parts of the Contributions to the Natural History of the United States; delivered lectures on histology and the Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zoology; and delivered a course of lectures at the Lowell Institute on Mind in Nature; or the Origin of Life, and the Mode of Development of Animals.thetic culture through drawing. It is cultHe died on the first day of July, 1873, in the forty-eighth year of his age. The list of his scientific writings comprises twenty-seven titles, mos of which cover more than one article. Educational Value of Manual Training. -The committee report of the National Council of Education on the Educational Value of Manual Training admits the reasonableness of substituting a system of manual training in special schools, in so far as it can be done, for the old system of apprenticeship, but insists that the training ought not to be begun before the completion of the pupil's twelfth year, nor before he has had the statutory instruction prescribed by the state in the intellectual branches of school work. It admits that manual training is an educative influence, and that, in so ure in taste that American workmen need, and not culture in skill, for our laborers are already ingenious and skillful and industrious. Drawing is the best means of acquiring familiarity with the conventional forms of beauty in ornament-forms that express the outlines of freedom and gracefulness, and charm all peoples, even those who have not the skill to produce them; and make markets for the articles that bear them. Causes of Insanity.-The latest report of the British Commissioners of Lunacy gives tables showing the causes of insanity as verified by the medical officers of the institutions, in the cases of 136,478 patients who have been admitted into public and private asylums since 1887. The causes are classified as "moral" and "physical." As might |