enough for air and exercise, and lodged in barracks as roomy and good as are provided by the party in whose power they are for their own troops; that the officers shall also be daily furnished by the party in whose power they are with as many rations, and of the same articles and quality as are allowed by them, either in kind or by commutation, to officers of equal rank in their own army; and all others shall be daily furnished by them with such ration as they shall allow to a common soldier in their own service; the value whereof shall be paid by the other party on a mutual adjustment of accounts for the subsistence of prisoners at the close of the war; and the said accounts shall not be mingled with or set off against any others, nor the balances due on them be withheld as a satisfaction or reprisal for any other article or for any other cause, real or pretended, whatever. That each party shall be allowed to keep a commissary of prisoners of their own appointment, with every separate cantonment of prisoners in possession of the other, which commissary shall see the prisoners as often as he pleases, shall be allowed to receive and distribute whatever comforts may be sent to them by their friends, and shall be free to make his reports in open letters to those who employ him; but if any officer shall break his parole, or any other pris oner shall escape from the limits of his cantonment after they shall have been designated to him, such individual officer or other prisoner shall forfeit so much of the benefit of this article as provides for his enlargement on parole or cantonment. And it is declared, that neither the pretence that war dissolves all treaties, nor any other whatever, shall be considered as annulling or suspending this and the next preceding article; but, on the contrary, that the state of war is precisely that for which they are provided, and during which they are to be as sacredly observed as the most acknowledged articles in the law of nature and nations.

How very complete and how very modern!

THEODORE S. WOOLSEY.

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE

On December 10, 1917, the Nobel Committee awarded the peace prize for that year to the International Red Cross Committee of Geneva.. This is one of five prizes established by the late Alfred Bernhard Nobel, a distinguished Swedish scientist, who died in 1896, and was known during his lifetime as the inventor of dynamite. In his last will and testament, dated November 27, 1895, he set aside his fortune as a fund, the income from which was to be divided into five equal portions, and awarded annually as prizes to those who had distinguished themselves in accordance with the following provisions of his will:

All the remainder of the convertible fortune that I shall leave on my death shall be disposed of as follows: the principal, converted by the executors of my will

into safe investments, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be distributed annually as a reward among those persons who shall have rendered the greatest services to mankind during the preceding year. The sum shall be divided into five equal parts, one of which shall be awarded to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention in the field of physical sciences; another to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or introduced the best improvement in chemistry; a third to the person who shall have made the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; a fourth to the person who shall have produced the most remarkable literary work from an idealistic point of view; finally, a fifth to the person who shall have done most or the best work in the interest of the brotherhood of peoples, of the abolition or reduction of standing armies, as well as of the formation and propagation of peace congresses. The prizes shall be awarded as follows: in physics and chemistry by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; in physiology or medicine by the Carolin Institute of Stockholm; in literature by the Stockholm Academy; finally, in the cause of peace by a committee of five members elected by the Norwegian Storthing. It is my express will that nationality shall not be taken into account in conferring the prizes, so that the prize may go to the most deserving, whether he be a Scandinavian or not.

The amount of the fortune is estimated at nine million dollars, and the prize at approximately forty thousand dollars.

In the distribution of the peace prizes, the Nobel Committee has exercised a wise discretion, sometimes awarding it to an individual, sometimes dividing it between two held to have equal claims upon it, and sometimes to institutions, such as the Institute of International Law and the Permanent International Peace Bureau at Bern, so that there are two precedents for its award to the International Red Cross Committee of Geneva.

It is interesting to note in this connection that the first award was divided between Henry Dunant and Frédéric Passy, and that the Red Cross movement, of which the International Red Cross Committee of Geneva is the chief and supervising body, owes its origin to the activity of Henry Dunant. He was a physician, who happened to be present in Italy at the battle of Solferino, in 1859, between France and Austria, and he was so impressed with the lack of attention to the wounded that he published a little work in 1862, entitled A Souvenir of Solferino. This pamphlet created a profound impression, and advocated the treatment of wounded by neutrals, as well as belligerents. The idea was adopted by the Society of Public Utility of Geneva, of which Mr. Gustave Moynier was president, and by means of this society and the coöperation of these two benefactors of their kind, the Red Cross. Societies have been called into being and to their initiative all inter

national conventions dealing with the subject are due. The International Red Cross Committee, to which the prize of 1917 has been appropriately awarded, is not an official body in the sense that it sustains official relations to the various Red Cross Societies created and existing in the different countries of the world.. It is, however, regarded by them as a parent society and is accorded a moral leadership. It publishes an international bulletin of the Red Cross Societies, by means of which it keeps in touch with the national societies. It calls the international conferences, of which there have been nine, the first meeting in Paris, in 1867, and the last in Washington, in 1912, under the auspices of the Government of the United States.

The first award of 1910, to Henry Dunant, was a great and a deserved tribute, and the last award of 1917, to the International Red Cross Committee of Geneva, is not only a tribute to this great and beneficent institution, but indirectly a tribute to the memory of Henry Dunant as well.

The awards of the Peace Prize, including the first and the last, are as follows:

1901 Divided between Henry Dunant and Frédéric Passy. 1902 Divided between Elie Ducommun, honorary secretary of the Permanent International Peace Bureau at Bern, and Albert Gobat, Director of the Interparliamentary Bureau of Bern.

1903 Sir William Randal Cremer, member of Parliament, Secretary of the International Arbitration League.

1904 The Institute of International Law.

1905 Baroness Bertha von Suttner.

1906 Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States of America.

1907 Divided between Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, President of the Lombardy Peace Union, and Louis Renault, member of the Institute of France, Professor of International Law at the University of Paris.

1908 Divided between Klas Pontus Arnoldson, former member of the Swedish Parliament, and Fredrik Bajer, former member of the Danish Parliament, honorary president of the Permanent International Peace Bureau at Bern.

1909 Divided between Auguste Marie François Beernaert, Minister of State of Belgium, member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, president of the Interparliamentary Council, member of the International Court of Arbitration, and Baron Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant de Rebecque, member of the French Senate, president of the French Parliament Group, member of the International Court of Arbitration.

1910 The Permanent International Peace Bureau at Bern.

1911 Divided between T. M. C. Asser, Minister of State, member of the Council of State of the Netherlands, and Alfred Hermann Fried, Director of the Die Friedens-Warte.

1912 No award was made, but in 1913 the award of 1912 was made to Elihu Root, member of the United States Senate, formerly Secretary of State, President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

1913 Henri La Fontaine, member of the Belgian Senate, president of the Permanent International Peace Bureau at Bern.

1914 No award.

1915 No award.

1916 No award.

1917 The International Red Cross Committee of Geneva.

In

It will be observed that in 1912 the peace prize was not voted. This was in accordance with Section V of the By-Laws, which allows the Committee to postpone the award until the following year. this instance the award was made in 1913 as of 1912. If, however, the members of the Committee should not make the award at the expiration of the year, the amount is added to the capital, unless the Committee, by a vote of three-fourths of its members, should decide to set it aside as a special fund. The income of the prize thus set aside may be employed otherwise than as a prize to advance the cause of international peace.

As no awards were made for 1914, 1915, and 1916, the amounts of the prizes for these years, each approximately forty thousand dollars, were added to the special fund of the Nobel Institute situated in Christiania, in accordance with Article V of the By-Laws, to be expended in the advancement of international peace.

JAMES BROWN SCOTT.

THE DAWN IN GERMANY?

THE LICHNOWSKY AND OTHER
DISCLOSURES

In the earlier part of March extracts appeared in the German press of a Memorandum written by Prince Lichnowsky, Imperial German Ambassador to Great Britain at the outbreak of the war of 1914, and more of this Memorandum is said to have been published in the Stockholm Politiken. In the account given in the London Times for March 15, 1918, it is said that:

The Memorandum was written by Prince Lichnowsky about eighteen months ago, for the purpose of explaining and justifying his position to his personal friends,

and only half-a-dozen typewritten copies were made. One of these copies, through a betrayal, reached the Wilhelmstrasse, and caused a great scandal, and another was communicated to some members of the Minority Socialist Party; but how it happened that a copy got across the German frontier forms a mystery to which Politiken declines to give any clue. Internal evidence, however, leaves no doubt in regard to the authenticity of the document. It is entitled "My London Mission, 1912-1914," and is dated Kuchelna (Prince Lichnowsky's country seat), August, 1916.

The most casual reading of the Memorandum will disclose why the Prince's Memorandum has created a sensation in Germany, where the views expressed by the former Ambassador to Great Britain have not been avowed by the authorities. Naturally, they have been discussed in the Reichstag, and statements have appeared from time to time in the press that the Prince would be tried and punished for treason, or sedition, or for some other heinous offense.

As regards the Reichstag, the London Times, in its issue of March 21, 1918, says in a dispatch from Amsterdam, dated the 19th:

In the Main Committee of the Reichstag the subject of Prince Lichnowsky's Memorandum was discussed. Herr von Payer, the Vice-Chancellor, read a letter from the Prince, in which he stated that the Memorandum had been written with a view to his future justification. These notes were intended for the family archives. They have found their way into wider circles by an "unprecedented breach of confidence." The Prince expressed regret for the incident.

Herr von Payer stated that the Prince had tendered his resignation, which had been accepted, but as he had been simply guilty of imprudence, no further steps would be taken against him.

A few of the more significant passages of the Memorandum are quoted, with summaries of omitted portions.

The Prince arrived in London in November, 1912, and found that "people had quieted down about Morocco," as an agreement had been reached concerning this question between France and Germany. The Haldane Mission had, he said, failed because Germany insisted upon a promise of neutrality, instead of contenting itself with a treaty with Great Britain insuring it against attacks from that country. However, Sir Edward Grey, then British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, had, to quote the Prince's exact language, "not given up the idea of reaching an understanding with us and he tried it first in colonial and economic matters." The purpose of Sir Edward Grey as stated by the German Ambassador was to settle outstanding controversies with France and Great Britain, and thereafter reach similar agreements with Germany, "not to isolate us," to quote the Prince, "but as far as