displeasure to which he gave vent in his letter to the duke of Portland, <6 on the Conduct of domestic Partics." This letter, it is said, was not designed for publication: but a rough draught having been copied by the amanuensis whom he employed, it was printed in the beginning of the year 1797, under the title of Fifty-four Articles of Impeachment against the Right Hon. Charles James Fox." On hearing of the publication, Burke disclaimed nothing but the intention of giving it to the world; and he said that it was written in consequence of the whig club's declaration respecting the difference between him and Mr. Fox, which had induced Mr. Burke, Mr. Windham, and some others, to withdraw their names from the club. The asperity with which Burke censures the conduct and principles of Mr. Fox, in this pamphlet, cannot possibly be justified.

Towards the close of the year 1793, he wrote the third Memorial, intituled, "Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with respect to France." In this work, he complains that the object of the allies is private aggrandizement, instead of the support of legitimate government; and he advises, as the only means of restoring order, religion, and property in France, that the chief direction of every thing relative to her internal affairs should be committed to the emigrants, whom he calls "Moral France !"

Agreeably to the resolution which Mr. Burke had long formed, of retiring from parliament when the trial of Mr. Hastings should be finished, he, in this summer, resigned his seat :-a tence having been passed on Mr. Hastings.

sen

On the 2d of August, 1794, M Burke lost his son, a gentleman is said to have given proofs of c siderable abilities, and for whom be father entertained the most entha astic affection. Another letter fi Mr. Burke, defending his cond and his celebrated "Reflecti in answer to some observatie which had fallen from the duke a Norfolk in parliament, is the only publication, besides those that we have mentioned, which he gave to the world until royal bounty warded his services by a pensa settled on him and Mrs. Burke. The duke of Bedford and lord Lande dale, in the beginning of 196 made some observations on Burke's pension: which called forth a ter to lord Fitzwilliam, in which Mr. Burke boldly and confident asserts his own services, while be takes a retrospect of those by which the duke's ancestors acquired the property.

From this period, Mr. Burk time was spent in the bosom of family; his hospitality to the em grants, the establishment, by ba influence, of a school for their chil dren; and his promotion of friendly clubs among the poor in his neighhourhood; are the most striking features that distinguish the period of his retirement. His next work was intituled, "Thoughts on a Re gicide Peace," published when the first overtures were made by ge vernment for an accommodation. Mr. Burke's bad state of health now made it necessary for him to visit Bath, whence, however, he returned in the ensuing spring. He then proceeded in the plan of which the Thoughts on a Regicide Peace" were a part; but he did not live to finish it.

His health, from the beginning June, rapidly declined; but his ly only, not his mind, was affect His understanding operated h undiminished force and untracted range: his dispositions ained their sweetness and amieness. He continued regularly istrenuously to perform the duties religion and benevolence. Alugh his body was in a state of astant and perceptible decay, yet is it without pain. The week in ich he died he conversed with erary and political friends, on vaus subjects, and especially on the ful posture of affairs. He repeat ly requested their forgiveness, if er he had offended them, and conred them to make the same request his name, to those of his friends at were absent. Friday, July the h, he spent the morning in a repitulation of the most important cts of his life, the circumstances in hich he acted, and the motives by hich he was prompted; shewed at his comprehensive mind retain d the whole series of public affairs, nd discussed his own conduct in the rduous situation he had had to enounter. He expressed his forgiveess of all who had, either on that ubject, or for any other cause, enleavoured to injure him. vening he spent in less agitating conversation, and in listening to the essays of Addison, his favourite auhor. He frequently had, during is last illness, declared, what his intimates knew well before, his thorough belief of the Christian religion, his veneration for true Christians of all persuasions; but his own preference of the articles of the

The

church of England. In that mode of faith he was educated, and that, he preserved through life. He had. conversed for some time, with his usual force of thought and expression, on the gloomy state of his. country, for the welfare of which his heart was interested to the last beat. His young friend, Mr. Nagle, coming to his bed-side, after much. interesting and tender conversation, he expressed a desire to be carried to another apartment. Mr. Nagle, with the assistance of servants, was complying with this request, when Mr. Burke faintly uttering, "God bless you!" fell back, and breathed: his last, Saturday, July 8th, 1797, in the sixty-eighth year of his age.*

On Saturday, the 15th, he was interred in Beaconsfield church: his funeral being attended by many noblemen and gentlemen, with whom his latter habits had led him to intimacy. In his will, which is written thoroughly in his own style, he bequeathed all his property to his wife, with the exception of one or two legacies. She was constituted sole executrix; the testator soliciting for her, however, the assistance of Dr. King and Dr. Lau

ter affording him almost whatever he wants; and the Senn in return providing for and cherishing them some times more than his own children. He never ill-treats his cattle, nor makes use of a stick or a whip: a perfect cordiality seems to prevail between both; and the voice of the keeper is sufficient to guide and go. vern the whole herd. The cow, in the canton of Appenzell, enjoys more of that regard which is due to every useful creature, and is altogether more comfortable, than millions of human beings in Europe; who, placed under the influence of the cudgel and the knout, have too much reason to curse their existence. Is it possible that, at the end of the eighteenth, or (as it is termed) the philosophical century, this parallel should be correct to such a revolting degree! Shocking reality!

Fine cattle are the pride of the cow-keeper who inhabits the Alps: but, not satisfied with their natural beauty, he will likewise please his vanity. He adorns his best cows with large bells suspended from broad thongs; and the expence in such bells is carried even to a luxurious excess. Every Senn has an harmonious set of at least two or three bells, chiming in with the famous ranz des vaches. The inhabitants of the Tyrol bring a number of such bells, of all sizes, to every fair kept in the canton of Appenzell. They are fixed to a broad strap, neatly pinked, cut out, and embroi

dered: which is fastened round the

cow's neck by means of a large buckle. A bell of the largest size measures upwards of a foot in diameter, is of an uniform width at top, swells out in the middle, and tapers towards the end, It costs from forty to fifty gilders; and the

whole peal of bells, including t thongs, will sometimes be worth be tween 140 and 150 gilders, hikthe whole apparel of the Sena ise, when best attired, does not amo to the price of twenty gilders. The finest black cow is adorned with the largest bell, and those next pearance have two smaller. Ties ornaments however, are not wor every day, but only on solema ca sions, viz. when, in the spring, -5 are driven up the Alps, ornam from one pasture to another; a when they descend in the autuṛr or travel in the winter to the d ent farms, where their owner's contracted for hay. On such day the Senn, even in the depth of ter, appears dressed in a fine wate shirt, of which the sleeves ar re up above the elbow; neatly embru dered red braces keep up his yelow linen trowsers, which reach dow to the shoes; a small leather cap, hat, covers his head; and a new milk bowl, of wood skilfully carved, hangs across the left shoulder Thu arrayed, the Senn precedes singg the ranz des vaches, and followed by three or four fine goats; next comes the handsomest cow with the great bell; then the two other cows with smaller bells; and these are suc ceeded by the rest of the cattle walking one after another, and ha ing in their rear the bull with a one-legged milking stool hanging on his horns; the procession is closed by a traineau, or sledge, on which are placed the implements for the dairy. It is surprising to see how proud and pleased the cows stalk forth when ornamented with their bells. Who would imagine that even these animals are sensible of their rank; nay, touched with va nity and jealousy! If the leading

w, who hitherto bore the largest ll, be deprived of her honours, → very plainly manifests her grief : the disgrace, by lowing incesatly, abstaining from food, and Dowing lean. The happy rival, a whom the distinguishing badge f superiority has devolved, expeaces her marked vengeance, and butted, wounded, and persecuted y her in the most furiis manner; ntil the former either recovers her ell, or is entirely removed from he herd. However singular tais hæno nenon may appear, it is laced beyond all doubt by the concurring testimony of centuries. The cows, when dispersed on he Alps, are brought together by he voice of the Senn, vao is then said to allure them (locken). How well the cattle distinguisa the note of their keeper appears from the circumstance of their hastening to him, though at a great distance, whenever he begins to hum the ranz des vaches. He furnishes that cow which is wont to stray farthest with a small bell, and knows by her arrival that all the rest are as sembled.

The famous pastoral song of the Swiss mountaineers, known by the name of Kuhreihen, or rans des vaches, is very frequently neard in Innerooden. It neither consists of articulated sounds, nor is it ever sung by the cowherds with words to it all the tones of it are simple, and mostly formed within the throat, Hence the tune produces very little or no motion of the jaw-bones, and its sounds do not resemble those which commonly issue from the human throat, but rather seem to be the tones of some wind instrument; particularly as scarcely any breathing is perceived, and as

the cow herds sometimes sing for mnte; together without fetching breath.

Progress of the Turks in various Branches of Literature; from Eton's Survey of the Turkish Empire.

STRONOMY.]

AS

From the mufti to the peasant it is generally believed, that there are seven heavens, from which the earth is immoveably suspended by a large chain: that the sun is an immense ball of fire, at least as big as a whole Ottoman province, formed for the sole purpose of giving light and heat to the earth: that eclipses of the moon are occasioned by a great dragon attempting to devour that luminary: that the fixed stars hang by chains from the highest heaven, &c. These absurdities are in part supported by the testimony of the koran; and the astronomers, as they are called, themselves all pretend to astrology, a profession so much esteemed, that an astrologer is kept in the pay of the court, as well as of most great men.

Geography.] Of the relative situation of countries they are ridiculously ignorant, and all their ac counts of foreign nations are mixed with superstitious fables.

Before the Russian fleet came into the Mediterranean, the ministers of the Porte would not believe it possible for them to approach Constantinople but from the Black Sea. The captain pasha [great admiral] affirmed that their fleet might come by the way of Venice. From this and a thousand similar and authentic anecdotes, their ignorance of the situation of countries is evident;

and as to the stories which they universally believe, they are such as the following: that India is a country far distant, where there are diamonds, fine muslins, and other stuffs, and great riches; but that the people are little known; that they are mostly Mohammedans, but do not acknowledge the kalifat of their sultan; that the Persians are a very wicked people, and will be all damned, a changed into asses in hell, and that the Jews will ride on them; that the European nations are all wicked infidels, knowing an art of war, which is sometimes dangerous, but will all be conquered in time, and reduced to the obedience of the sultan; that their women and children ought to be carried into captivity, that no faith is to be kept with them, and that they ought all to be massacred, which is highly meritorious, if they refuse to become Mohammedans; yet they have among them a prophecy, that the sons of yellowness, which they interpret to be the Russians, are to take Constantinople; that the English are powerful by sea, and the French and Germans by land; that the Russians are the most powerful, and they call them the great infidels ;' but they are acquainted with no details of these countries.

Ancient History.] They have heard of an Alexander, who was the greatest monarch and conqueror, and the greatest hero in the world. The sultans often compare themselves to him in their writings. Sultan Mohammed IV. in his letter to the Russian Tzar Alexius Michailovitch, calls himself "Master of all the universe, and equal in power to Alexander the Great." They talk

of him always as the model of be. roism to be imitated, but they knew not who he was. Solomon, they say, was the wisest man, and the greatest magician that ever existed. Palmyra and Balbek, they say, we built by spirits at the command of Solomon.

Poetry and general Literature) They have a few poets, as they are called, whose compositions at mostly little songs and ballads; bat in these, as well as their prose wh tings, they differ widely from the simplicity of the Arabs, as they abound with false conceits; and the language is a barbarous mis ture of the Turkish with Persita and Arabic, not unlike that" B2bylonish dialect" of our puritans, which Butler compares to “fustian cut on sattin."This will best be demonstrated by an example: supposing the Latin to be Arabic, and the Persian French, a Turkish mufti; or doctor, would write, if English were his language, in the following manner:

"I do not love deplorare vitam, as many, and ii docti, sæpe fecerunt ; nor do I repent that I have lived at all, because I have ainsi vecu, as not frustra me natum existimem: I do not assert that tædium vitæ proceeds more from want of steadiness in our true religion than from atra tilts. If a man destroys himself, he is either insanus, and a holy fool, er one possessed demonis, or he is athée-an infidel, or a Frank. Pray Deum that he may preserve you against those who blow on nodes funum, and whisper in the ear."

Language of a Turkish poet:] "The eyes of l'abbreuveuse* ineonate me more than le vin, and ses