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Charea. Edicit, ne vir quisquam ad eam
adeat, et mihi, ne abscedam imperat,

177

with grossness of expression, and rape is defended by an appeal to blasphemy. After such a public prostitution of all decency of character, can we wonder that the silly falsehoods and vulgar scurrilities of the epilogue in question should be dictated by the courtly professors, and sanctioned by this learned and reverend assembly? Can we think it strange, even if it be our lot to become the subjects of rancorous abuse, in a nation where priests and parents

In interiore parte ut maneam solus cum solâ, can gravely encourage the youthful exhibition which I have just described ?

annuo.

Terram intuens modeste.

Antipho. Miser!

Charea. Ego, inquit, ad cœnam hinc eo.
Abducit secum ancillas: paucæ, quæ circum

illam essent, manent,

Novitiæ. Continuò hæc adornant, ut lavet.
Adhortor, properant, dum apparatur, virgo
in conclavi sedet,

Suspectans tabulam quandam pictam, ubi ine

rat pictura hæc, Jovem

Quo pacto Danaæ misisse aiunt quondam in
gremium imbrem aureum.

Egomet quoque id spectare cœpi, et quia con-
Jam olim ille ludum, impendio magis animu'

similem luserat

Progress of Knowledge in the United
States.

(From the American Port Folio.) THE Course of intellectual pursuits has of late years undergone a great change. Now we seem to estimate every branch of science and letters according to its connexion with the gene ral utility; but formerly controversial metaphysics and divinity, philology, criticism, and antiquities chiefly occupied the hours of literary leisure. By means of this change not only have many studies been brought into more general cultivation, as chemistry, mineralogy, and both branches of ethics; Ego homuncio hoc non facerem? Ego vero il-but others have been in fact created, as theories of medicine, of agriculture,

gaudebat mihi,

Deum sese in hominem convertisse, atque per
alienas tegulas

Venisse clanculùm per impluvium, fucum fac.
tum mulieri.

At quem Deum! qui templa cœli sonitu con

sence, and with the sanction of persons, sage delivered in the course of the perdeemed highly respectable for rank, formance. I think Colman or Dodd learning, character, and station-the performed the part of Chærea, but so young sons of the nobility and gentry long ago, I will not tax my memory of England, are taught to pronounce, with positive assertion. It was, how applaud, and give effect to, the most ever, when both these youths acted in glaring and disgusting falsehoods, and that play, and previous to their going to the most virulent and vulgar abuse a college. I was surrounded by clergygainst this country, and its inhabitants, men. I did not observe them blush; from Maine to Georgia: from the pre- but I distinctly remember that I did. sident down to the peasant. There is nothing in the filthy invectives of the Quarterly Review more abusive and flagitious than this epilogue; and no wonder will it be, if the malignant and contemptuous feelings towards America, thus poured into the minds of the young gentry of England, should produce the effect intended; and make them, in the natural train of things, become to the rising generation here, a hating, a hateful, and a hated set. It cannot be that such a course of education in England will have no effect in America manet ala mente repostum. I am no advocate for keeping up national animosity, but I do not approve of the doctrine of non resistance: I do not know that I am christian enough, on receiving a blow upon the one cheek, to turn to my antagonist the other also; nor do I feel the obligation upon Americans of submitting tamely to the insult, when the persons who have descended to these aspersions are themselves so liable to the retort. I omit, for obvious reasons, the rest and of political economy, some of whose Had this attack been the hasty effusion of the description; which, however, was important branches form separate sciof a political partizan, or the witty scur- preserved in the representation of this ences of themselves. There is no rility of a writer whose sarcastic talent play. Here, then, are young men just en- country in which this altered taste in furnishes his daily bread, or had we been tering upon the verge of manhood, when studies so predominates as in the United subjected even to the mistaken correc- the passions require the strongest con- States. Nor ought this to be a matter tion of a well-meaning observer, it might troul, enjoined to study, to commit to of wonder. Possessing a country for have been passed over: but this, the memory, to enact with every appropriate which nature has done every thing, and studied, deliberate composition of deep-look, tone, and gesture, a character and man as yet but little, we are constantly rooted enmity, deserves no quarter. One a passage, in language luxurious enough invited by the opportunity and stimustyle of reply to impartial and friendly to warm an anchorite, if it were not de-lated by our wants, to aim at improvereprehension, another to the sarcastic based by expressions that would become ment. Every man, whether his object rancour of a "proud and insulting foe." a stew. be fortune or fame, is most likely to This epilogue was delivered after the While this part is performing, the attain it by turning his attention to performance of one of Terence's plays: heads of the seminary-the reverend what may be useful. Plans of saving they are usually selected, and a different ministers of religion-dignified members labour, of improving manufactures and one performed every year, till the adopt-of the established church-teachers and agriculture, theories of curing diseases, ed number is gone through. I have been professors of our holy religion-pious and above all, speculations on laws, twice present when the Eunuchus of instructors of the rising generation constitutions, and the regulation of Terence was acted: the first time, many paid and honoured to preach and pro-states, are what the country most needs, years ago, when the present George Col-pagate the purest doctrines of christian and therefore what it most encourages. man, young Dodd, and some other morality, and, in particular, peace on He who can advance any thing on these youths, were going away from West- earth and good will toward men-sit subjects at once valuable and new, is minster to College. (At Oxford, the round, porrectis auribus, in anxious at- amply rewarded, so far as he can find Westminster boys usually went to Christ tention to catch every word, and observe remuneration in the public favour. Church, the Winchester students to All every gesture of the animated youths But for those studies which are merely Souls.) On this occasion, as on a sub- who are appointed to this public recita- curious, so much are we engrossed by sequent one, I heard the following pas- tion; wherein voluptuous imagery vies those which are useful, there is none

cutit :

lud feci, ac lubens, &c. &c.

178

Progress of Knowledge in the United States.-Walks in Edinburgh, &c.

[December 20, 1817.

left to regard them: and the study of world was arranged under the classes the water-gate, or the common seal of philology, of metaphysics, and the which n ture herself had instituted, and the burgh; and, perhaps, I added, we higher branches of mathematics are al- every different kind had its name and ought to trace the origin of the obmost universally neglected. While the description, future botanists might have noxious allusion to a much higher anphilanthropist may hail the change as explored and imparted to mankind, tiquity than the erection of the prison, favourable to the happiness of man, and their best mode of culture and improve- or even the existence of the municipal more worthy of his dignity, the cau- ment-their mutations-their medicinal institution to which it belongs. It was tious inquirer may doubt, whether in a- qualities-their utility in the arts, probably the motto of the religious orvoiding one erroneous extreme we may whether in furnishing provisions, con- der from which the Canongate derives not have run into its opposite. There veniencies, or ornaments to man. How its name, and expressive of the terminais such a kindred connexion among the many plants now bloom and perish on tion and reward of their austerities and different subjects of human speculation, our mountains and in our forests which privations on earth; and of their disand their several ramifications are so in- might mitigate the bitterest pangs of cipline and devotion preparatory to the terwoven with one another, that we disease, and sometimes avert the arrow enjoyment of heaven. All this, he recannot successfully cultivate any one of death itself. How many indeed may plied, may be true; but your explanawithout somewhat improving those that even be found about our dung-hills, tion or apology scarcely mends the mat. are contiguous. If, therefore, utility and among the most unwelcome intrud-ter. I dispute not the origin or proalone be the test by which we are to ers into our gardens! That there are priety of the motto in its own place; estimate the merit of the different sci- among our indigenous plants certain but all the ingenuity of heraldic lore ences, they all have strong, though un- and immediate remedies to the most ac- can never convince me that any alluequal, claims to our favour. To enu- tive poisons, and brilliant and unfading sion to the enjoyments of the present merate all the various links by which dyes, which are as yet unknown to Eu- world, or to the happiness of a future each science has affinity with others, ropean art, those who have been con- life, blazoned on the front of a prisonwould be as difficult as it is unnecessary. versant with the Indians of this conti-house, is not less incongruous and inIt will be sufficient for the present pur-nent can readily testify. As these may sulting than to represent to the dwellers pose, to select, by way of illustration, have been discovered by accident, many in a dungeon all the delights of unsome of those branches of knowledge others may exist which have escaped restrained enjoyment, to describe the which having a less evident bearing on our their notice. This field of inquiry in- charming scenes of a rural landscape, welfare, are least cultivated among us. deed is so vast and so fruitful, that al- or to depict in glowing language the Botany. This study has indeed been most every day chance brings to light murmuring of the streams, the music of cultivated with an ardour in Europe, something useful, while science disco-the groves, the varied beauties of the since the days of Linnæus, perhaps be-vers nothing, because her eyes are turnyond its intrinsic merit; but here it is ed another way. very little regarded. If a little reflection, however, will teach us that an intimate knowledge of plants may advance the science of medicine, by dis- I NEVER pass the Canongate prison covering to us their healing and stimu- without recollecting the frequent conlating properties: may give aid to the troversies which I have had with a lamechanical arts, by furnishing materials mented friend, who is now no more, on for dyeing, tanning, weaving, and the meaning or rather the application building may assist agriculture by of the motto of the arms of the burgh. teaching the better management of The translation of this motto, Sic itur crops, and by the introduction of new ad astra, "this is the way to heaven," grasses, and new species or varieties of is sufficiently obvious, and in this we plants already known; and may thus agreed; but he asserted, somewhat pre- Whatever was the subject of conversaid the statesman in providing food and posterously, that it applied to the in- ation, when our walk led us in that diclothing for man-If it be objected that mates of the mansion; and in this view, rection, and we approached to what the science is at present nothing more with proper feeling and just indignation, might be called the debateable ground, than a catalogue of names, and that it condemned it as a reproach on humani- it very rarely happened that the congives neither exercise nor instruction to ty, as a gross insult on those whom im- troversy was not renewed; and it is any other faculties than those of vision prudence or misfortune or depravity, scarcely necessary to add, with nearly and memory; it may be answered that had consigned to its dreary calls. No the same result. I have often thought this is the fault of its votaries and not less strenuously I maintained that it had that the prison clock was placed in its of the science itself. That it has not no connection with the inhabitants of awkward and obtrusive, but useful si advanced from a study of words to the edifice: that it was displayed upon tuation, as a kind of signal to comthings, may be partly owing to its be- it along with the arms of the burgh; mence the attack. It rarely happened, ing neglected by those who are capable and that it denoted the building to be too, that we did not stop in front of the of improving it. What was done by of a public nature, and destined for the edifice to contemplate what we had seen Linnæus was a useful preliminary step, use of the community, exactly in the a thousand times, and to recur to arguand a vast achievement of human in- same way as the same arms and the ments which had been as often repeated. dustry: but when the whole vegetable same motto are affixed to the church, In these argumentative pauses, our at

(To be continued.)

Walks in Edinburgh and its Vicinity.

6.127

enamelled mead, or the refreshing inAluence of the mountain breeze. The opinion of my excellent friend was not to be shaken by any thing I could advance; and, indeed, it might be said to have assumed all the features of a strong prejudice, when, with little discrimina tion, he bestowed not a few opprobrious epithets on the herald's office which issued, the canons who adopted, the architect who designed, and even the workmen, the humble instruments who executed so gross and so wanton an insult on human misery.

December 20, 1817.]

Walks in Edinburgh and its Vicinity.

179

tention was not always confined to the he was not less helpless in extricating pended on their literary exertions, we disputed application of the motto, the himself from difficulty than in relieving proceeded on this knight-errant expedisight of which never failed to rouse my the distresses of a stranger. His purse tion of Quixotic benevolence, reached friend's feelings as strongly as the first was open to the needy and unfortunate; the place of durance, found the humane day he pointed it out to my observation, but if it had been better replenished than keeper a perfect contrast of his unfeelor to the interior lineaments of the build-it really was, his hand seemed to be ing assistant, and were ushered into the ing, which we sometimes discussed in paralyzed in directing its energies to any apartment where the person who was the a very short digression; the unfortunate useful purposes. On the present occa- object of our visit was immured. It was tenants of the dreary abode, who were sion, after another long pause in pro- the first time that either of us had been sometimes seen at the windows, con- found meditation, he assumed a more within the walls of a prison; and when trasting their own hapless situation in determined tone than usual, and pro- the heavy door, grating on its hinges, durance vile, their own pale looks and posed instantly to return and make some was closed, and the motion of the masemaciated forms, with the rosy counte- inquiry concerning the object of his sive bolts with which it was secured renances and active limbs of the busy anxious thoughts. We retraced our sounded through the cell, a sudden chill crowd that passed and repassed, often steps, halted as it were instinctively at of horror spread through my whole attracted our notice. One day, as we our old station, and crossed the street frame; my friend with more acute feelwere about to depart from our station, to penetrate the secrets of the prison-ings was more deeply affected, and, which we had occupied much longer house. Ascending the stair, we accosted while he stood pale and motionless, a than usual, from some unexpected turn an under keeper, who appeared with a cold sweat bedewed his face. The first of the argument, a tall, good looking large key, the emblem of his office, in words he uttered, when he recovered man, with an air of deep melancholy on his hand, and found, after some ques- the power of speech, were, “I wish I his countenance, presented himself at tions, which were at first evasively an- had not come here." The task of exthe window. The moment that his eye swered, that the person whom we had planation of the object of our visit, and caught ours he withdrew. Deeming our seen was an unfortunate tradesman, con- of apology for our seeming intrusion, curiosity impertinent, we also retired; fined for a debt of no great amount. which he had previously undertaken, but casting our eyes backwards as we "What is the amount?" He could not now devolved on myself; and after a proceeded along the street, we saw that tell. "Could we see him ?" "No, it long conference, which had the effect he had resumed his place, and seemed is not the proper time; call to-morrow of inspiring mutual confidence, we learnto follow us with an indescribable look. at such an hour." Saying this, he left ed the following detail of his history. After a remark or two on this occur- us, and as he walked away, with a light rence, the conversation paused, and we heart and a merry countenance, he whispassed along in silence, each occupied tled and hummed the tune and song "Welwith his own meditations, till we reach- come, welcome, brother debtor." This uned the palace. The appearance of the expected outrage on the feelings of my man at the window had excited a deep companion brought a glow of fiery ininterest in my friend, and determined dignation to his face, which in a mohim to institute an inquiry into his story ment was overspread with the paleness and misfortunes. Although I must con- of death; and, when he had muttered fess that the most careless observer could" what a savage barbarian," and some not fail to be strongly impressed with other equally appropriate epithets, I what we had just witnessed, yet, stran- took him by the arm, and led him from gers as we were, we might sympathize a scene which offered nothing to sooth with his tale of woe, while we could neither relieve his distresses nor restore him to liberty, to his friends and family. Had my friend's vigour of enterprize been at all equal to his romantic sensi- My friend passed a restless night, as bility, no long time would have elapsed I afterwards understood; my own re till he had made himself master of the pose was a good deal disturbed with captive's whole story. But he was quite dreams of clanking chains and dreary deficient in that plodding activity, that dungeons; and when he called at an bold perseverance so beneficial, when early hour, had already paid a visit to well directed, to ourselves and others, the prison, had seen the gaoler, whose and so necessary to ensure success in expressions of civility and humanity had the grand competition of human affairs. afforded him the highest gratification, With a bosom glowing with the warm- and had determined to make a bold efest beneficence, with a heart animated fort to relieve, as he fancied, the victim by the kindest and most generous sym- of oppression. With five pounds in his pathies, while the sigh which he in vain pocket, to which I added three pounds, endeavoured to suppress, and the tear the whole capital we could command, of pity that stole in secret down his and not a small sum for two medical cheek, marked the force of his emotions, students, whose resources entirely de

him into tranquillity. We soon parted,
under a positive engagement to meet
next day, and return to the business in
which we had been disappointed.

But a

By his own industry he had raised a small capital, and begun business on his own account, had succeeded well, and had the most flattering prospect of realising an independent income. considerable credit to a merchant who was deeply engaged in speculative concerns, and who failed to a large amount, deranged his affairs, and produced great embarrassment. A friend came forward and had agreed to pay off his debts; and had nearly completed his generous plan, when his own unexpected failure, from immense losses through the misconduct of others interrupted his beneficent labours. A merciless creditor, whose debt had not become due, was disappointed and enraged at the supposed preference given to others; and in the hope of obtaining full payment threw his debtor into jail. The original debt was only twenty pounds, but either from resentment or from the hope of profit, he had purchased another debt of ten pounds, for which, as it was now considered desperate, he paid about one-third; and the whole demand against the unfor tunate prisoner was not less than forty or forty-five pounds. The mention of this sum, and the tacit comparison which I perceived he was making with the contents of his pocket, produced a deep. sigh from my silent friend, who was

180

Walks in Edinburgh and its Vicinity.-Fine Arts.

[December 20, 1817.

now absorbed in profound reflection. whose noble heart is not less benevolent of custom, rather than from the proprieThe threatened opposition of the harsh and liberal than his ample means, had ty and justice of the practice, is still creditor had hitherto prevented the heard us narrate the story, and, without continued. debtor from taking the advantage of the a word on the subject, ordered his agent If an asylum of this kind be really a law to obtain his enlargement. We to transmit sixty pounds sterling, and good thing, its benefits ought to be exlearned farther, that during the whole to accept of a letter stating the amount, tended to the community in general; of his confinement, which had now con- and promising payment when conveni- and similar institutions ought to be tinued for several months, his wife by ent. established in every large town, or, at her own labour had supported herself The incidents now related led us into least, in every country in the kingdom. and a family of five children. The in- a discussion concerning the origin and The inhabitants of Edinburgh and its genuous story of a modest, unassum- advantages of the sanctuary of Holy- vicinity are not entitled to the sole ading, and intelligent man, could not fail roodhouse; and in this he strenuously vantage of freedom from arrest for to make a deep impression, and to pro- contended, that it was altogether un- debt. But I suspect this privilege is duce conviction in minds less disposed suitable to the present state of society. oftener resorted to by persons from a to believe its truth; and although we In a barbarous age, such as had violated distance, than those who are in its imwere disappointed in the object of our the rights of mankind became the immediate neighbourhood,-a pretty obvivisit, we were fully satisfied that the mediate objects of brutal revenge; the ous proof that its benefits are at least of poet or novelist, in depicting the horrors slow process of public investigation, and a doubtful nature. In the greater numof captivity, need not recur to fancied legal cognizance of crimes, was little ber of cases, who are the persons that scenes when such realities are daily calculated to satisfy or appease the tur- enjoy this protection? Are they not. before his eyes. bulent passions of those who supposed the dissolute and unprincipled, who conIt was not the least singular circum-themselves injured or offended; and tinue to squander in extravagant dissistance in the narrative of this ill-fated hence private redress was eagerly sought pation, and in the very asylum that seman, that the mercantile speculator was after, and punishment inflicted in the cures to them their personal liberty, the at this very time living in affluence in fury of rage usually far exceeded in e- property of which they have defrauded the sanctuary of Holyroodhouse. Some normity the real or imputed crime. The the industrious tradesman, who, perunfair transactions had drawn him to church, it is probable, at first inter- haps, at that very moment, is pining that asylum to escape imprisonment. posed to afford that protection which The amount of his debts was stated at the civil authority could not give; for 50,0001.; and after a long litigation a places of refuge or sanctuaries of this composition of 3s. 6d. in the pound was nature were invariably connected, at accepted, from which it was supposed their origin, with places of worship or that he came off a clear gainer of ten religious institutions; and as the power or twelve thousand pounds sterling, or influence of the church extended, but at an expence of several other bank- these privileges thus assumed or obtainrupts who were never able to retrieve ed were enlarged, and like all other hutheir affairs; while he commenced busi- man affairs, where passion or interest is ness on a surer foundation, and in the permitted to prevail, were grossly abused. course of a few years realised a hand- To the disgrace of humanity and the some fortune. age, religious sanctuaries, from which THE celebrated Moses, of Michael Despairing from our stinted means every thing violent and impure ought Angelo, a colossal figure of the most exof relieving the object of our commisser- to have been excluded, afforded an a- quisite proportions, and finished in a ation, we permitted several days to e-sylum to the most atrocious criminals. lapse before we thought of renewing the But in the progress of civilization, when visit, when, to our surprise, we found the equal rights of mankind were better the prisoner had been discharged, but understood, when justice supported by why, or in what manner, whether from authority held the balance with a more the indulgence of his creditor, or the steady hand, these enormities were e kind interposition of some liberal friend, rased from the legal code, and the priwe could not learn; nor could we dis-vilege of affording protection to crimicover, after inquiry at the place where nal offences was entirely abrogated. No in company with the Monte-Cavallo fihis family had resided, any thing more place in the possession of such immuniof his history than that they had removed the very day after his liberation. But it was no small gratification to be informed, at the end of a few years, by In this country at this day, the prea letter accompanied by a small present, sence or the residence of royalty is a that he had retired to a distant part of protection against arrest for civil debt; the country, had prospered in trade, and and, on the same principle, the privihad now repaid the money which he ac- lege which originally belonged to the knowledged we had been the means of monastic institution, was transferred to placing at his disposal. A gentleman, the palace, and through the inveteracy

ties now exists in Europe, and few of
that description are known in any part
of the world.

with want, or wasting his days in the
precincts of a prison. Examples of
such prostituted privileges are not want-
ing. It may be added, that the mild
spirit of the laws relative to bankruptcy
supersede all such institutions. But I
shall resume the subject in next com-
munication.
Cont? p. 193.

FINE ARTS.

style that to this day is unrivalled, having, by the Pope's permission, been withdrawn from its niche, in St Pietro, in Vinculo, in order that Mr. Day, an English artist, might take a mould of it to bring to England, it is with pleasure we now inform the public, that it has arrived safe, and is now setting up

gure, in that capacious room in the stable-yard, which the Prince of Wales allotted to these exhibitions of collossal sculpture. It is to be followed by the Marcus-Aurelius of the Capitol.

Mr. Vagan, late consul-general of the island of Sicily, before his death, had collected forty pieces of fine sculpture at Rome; and has left at Palermo, it is said, immense treasures in marble, in cases that have long laid unopened.

December 20, 1817.]

Fine Arts.

181

STYLES OF ART IN LANDSCAPE PAINTING, and one in the possession of Mr. Anger-more of system than close imitation;

Italian School.

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stein is a rare specimen of that power but it is full of sweetness and harmony. which could produce such a dazzling The selection of his objects, and the areffect of light and colour, with a truth rangement of his compositions, are in a FROM Greece and the classic shores and simplicity apparent to all, yet with-good style of art, and sufficiently varied of Italy we chiefly derive whatever we in the reach of few. His drawings are from each other. possess that is exalted in art. The mo- numerous; there is a book of them en- · A. CARRACCI, F. MOLA, and DOMEnumental remains of Egypt and India graved after some in the possession of NICHINO, have a general resemblance. are rather calculated to fill the mind his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, by The skill of Domenichino is, we think, with wonder, then to instruct it in the Mr. Earlom; they are chiefly studies the most distinct, as being darker in his more regulated and softened beauties of for composition: we have seen others masses and shadows, very cool and siltaste. From that ideal beauty and perfec- by Arthur Pond, which are doubtless very in his sky and distances, to which tion found in the sculptured remains of an- fac-similes of the original drawings, his foreground objects are strongly optiquity, the painters of Italy obtained and are of different size and colour; posed. In other respects the forms of the models from which they wrought; some of them appear simply as studies their composition are very similar, as and in the best state of the arts we see from nature. The pencil of Claude is also their manner of handling or pencilthese models transferred to the canvas. free, distinct, and sweet, without being ing; they are all in the most exalted As these influenced their historical sub-mannered; there is generally a good style of art, and owe less to individual jects, their landscape painting also par- body of colour, and the marking of his imitation, than to grandeur and simplitook of the same general character-less foliage has none of that mechanical ex-city.

an imitation of the individual nature actness to be met with in some of his TITIAN. The claims of this artist to than the perfection of the species. Their imitators: although the flowers and fame in landscape painting are inferior compositions are arranged from the scat- plants on his foregrounds are sometimes to those he presents in historical or tered remains of temples, statues, and painted with a botanical nicety of cha- other subjects; his landscapes are mostaqueducts, which give to their land-racter they do not obtrude themselves, ly painted as accessaries to his figures; scapes the title of epic. The distin- or destroy the breadth or effect of his they are in a bold and noble style of guished painters of landscape in the subject. art. His sky and distance are sufficient Italian school, are-Claude Lorraine- FRANCESCO BOLOGNESE-in his style to annihilate a painting of ordinary Gasper Poussin-Francesco Bolognese, of composition often resembles Claude, power; they were of the deepest azure, and Zuccarelli. To these may be add- and sometimes Gasper Poussin, but with and served him as a scale to work up ed, the names of Salvator Kosa-Titian less variety of objects and colour; his to: the subtleties of gradation and air -A. Carracci F. Mola, and Domeni- picture of the Castle Gondolso, from tint were little attended to, but were chino. This class of artists divided which there is a print, has a grandeur subservient to the general effect of his their subjects between landscape and and simplicity which may rank it in the picture. To this was added a broad history; the first four are exclusively best style of Italian landscape; in which and vigorous pencil, depth, brilliancy, esteemed the painters of lanscape. it must be observed, there is much less and harmony of colour in all the power of distinct character, than what is found that art is capable of bringing out. We in the Flemish school.. have seen prints from the drawings of Titian, from which his landscapes appear in a character between the Italian and Flemish, but always grand and extraordinary.

CLAUDE LORRAINE.-The works of this artist are entirely epic; but it is the epic of Virgil,-sweetness and dig- GASPAR POUSSIN.-The same classic nity, without any of these daring flights style of composition distinguishes this which might characterise him as the artist's works, but they do not so much Homer of painting. His pictures con- abound with ancient remains as those of tain a great variety of objects, stretch- Claude; his subjects are more romantic; SALVATOR ROSA.--The landscapes of ing to a vast extent, and so lost and trees, rocks, and mountains, with some- this painter are in a style peculiarly his melted into the air tint, as to become times an Italian building, furnish mate- own, and can seldom be mistaken by characteristic of his style: accordingly, rials for his compositions. His colour- any who have seen his works. It would the distances af Claude are proverbial ing is sober and subdued, and well suit- be a sort of phenomenon to see a reguwith the connoisseur, and an object of ed to the nature of his subjects: bold lar building or particular view in the imitation with the artist. Hence we and striking effects of storm and clouds works of this master. All is rock, may also date the partiality and admi-give great variety to the works of this mountain, and rugged nature. His ration for distant prospects, which the master. He mostly introduced figures, trees are tempest-striken, or in ruin and unskilful often take for the exclusive but they are always kept down and decay; and his figures are for the most excellence of a view or a picture, with-subordinate to his landscape. His style part of the desolating kind, pirates and out knowing how much the fore ground is distinct from that of most Italian banditti. His compositions are at once adds to the value of that extent they so landscape painters, but he has several sublime and romantic in the highest much admire. There is much light in imitators. Fillipo Laura is perhaps the degree: a bold and vigorous touch is the paintings of Claude, yet with suffi- best. the character of his pencil, and his colcient depth in his masses, which are ZUCCARELLI. In the works of this ouring is grave and subdued. The folirich, without being heavy. His com- painter we have pastoral of modern age of his trees has more of manner. positions are truly classic, and are sel Italy. Rustics, cattle, and buildings, than imitation, and rather remarkable dom without architecture; the sun's furnish the chief materials for his pencil. for length of leaf. Some resemblance place is frequently found in his pictures; His style is light and brilliant, with to Salvator may be found in the works

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