THE

STUDENT

AND

INTELLECTUAL OBSERVER

OF

SCIENCE, LITERATURE

AND ART.

VOLUME II.

ILLUSTRATED WITH PLATES IN COLOURS AND TINTS AND NUMEROUS
ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD

LONDON

GROOM BRIDGE

AND SONS

PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLXIX.

HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY

GIFT OF

MARY E, HAVEN

JULY 2, 1914.

F. BENTLEY AND CO., PRINTERS, LONDON.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

TOURACOES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. By P. L. SCLATER, M. A., Ph. D., F.R.S.

With a Coloured Plate

THEORY OF THE LEAF. BY CASIMIR DE CANDOLLE

1

7

WOMANKIND IN ALL AGES OF WESTERN EUROPE. BY THOMAS WRIGHT, F.S.A.

With Coloured Plates....

.15, 97, 161, 297, 345, 448

24

ON THE ZOETROPE AND ITS ANTECEDENTS. BY WILLIAM B. CARPENTER, M.D.

ON THE NEW THEORIES IN CHEMISTRY. By F. S. BARFF, M.A. Cantab., F.C.S. 31

VEGETABLE FIBRES AND THEIR MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS. By M. VETILLARD

THE ROYAL SOCIETY'S CATALOGUE..

38

42

FACTS ABOUT LINNÉ. By W. R. BIRT, Secretary, British Association Moon Com-
mittee

SUPPOSED CHANGES IN THE MOON. LETTER FROM SCHMIDT. With a Plate

ON THE THAPSIA GARGANICA AND THE SILPHIUM OF THE ANCIENTS. By JOHN

R. JACKSON...

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT THE KEW OBSERVATORY. By G. M.

WHIPPLE. With Plates

60, 287

81

INSECTS IN DISGUISE. By T. W. WOOD, F.Z.S. With a Coloured Plate

VARIATIONS OF STRUCTURE IN CRUSTACEAN ANIMALS. By JONATHAN COUCH,

F.L.S., C.M.Z.S, etc.

92

THE ANORTHOSCOPE. By W. B. CARPENTER, M.D. With a Coloured Plate

ALLEGED FIRES FROM SOLAR HEAT AND SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION.

STEIN ON THE MUSCLES AND CILIA OF INFUSORIA..

110

128

145

ARTERIAL CAPILLARIES IN INSECTS. By JULES KUNCKEL

150

THE JAVIDAN KHIRAD; OR, THE PROVERBIAL PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT PERSIA.

By E. II. PALMER, B.A.

168

ON THE EFFECT OF THE RECENT HIGH TEMPERATURE UPON INSECT LIFE. By

E. C. RYE

180

WHAT IS AN EGG?

189

THE PROBLEMS OF FLIGHT..

205

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE ORL OR ALDER FLY OF THE ANGLER, By Rev.

W. HOUGHTON, M.A., F.L.S. With a Coloured Plate

209

ST. ERMIN'S HILL. BY SIDNEY CORNER

212

JUPITER'S SATELLITES. By R. A. PROCTOR, B.A., F.R.A.S.

217

A SUGGESTION FOR THE BINOCULARIZATION OF THE TELESCOPE. BY PETER GRAY,

F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S.

226

AN ATTEMPT TO SEE THE ECLIPSE. By Colonel J. E. HALLIDAY

227

PAGE

THE COLOURS OF SATURN. By JOHN BROWNING, F.R.A.S. With a Coloured

Plate

ANCIENT MINTS AND MODES OF COINING. By JOSEPH NEWTON

241

244

NUNDYDROOG, ONE OF THE HILL FORTRESSES OF MYSORE. By Brevet-Major

G. E. BULGER, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., C.M.Z.S...

249

THE NOVEMBER SHOOTING-STARS. By R. A. PROCTOR, B.A., F.R.A.S. With a

Tinted Plate

254

STATE AID TO SCIENCE

266

AUSTRIAN EXPEDITION TO OBSERVE THE ECLIPSE. Translated by W. T. Lynn,

B.A., F.R.A.S.............

272

THE CONNECTION OF INFUSORIA WITH DISEASE. By M. J. LEMAIRE.

275

THE HYALONEMA CONTROVERSY.......

294

FLOODS FROM ANCIENT GLACIERS. By E. COLLOMB

311

THE FLOATING TUNICATES OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. By CUTHBERT COLLING-

WOOD, M.A., F.L.S., etc. With a Coloured Plate

SANCTUARY AND BENEFICIUM CLERICALE.

at Law.......

A VISIT TO MATHERA

MULLUS SURMULETUS: HABITS OF THE SURMULLET IN ANCIENT AS COMPARED

WITH MODERN TIMES. BY JONATHAN COUCH, F.L.S., M.Z.S., etc.......

THE ORIGIN OF MINUTE LIFE. By NRY J. SLACK, F.G.S., Sec. R.M.S....... 372

BEAUTIFUL TELESCOPIC FIELD. By Rev. T. W. WEBB, F.R.A.S....

321

By FRANCIS W. RowSELL, Barrister-

331

y J. G. HALLIDAY, Lieut.-Col...

359, 413

368

391

NOTES OF THE ECLIPSE OF AUGUST 18TH, 1868. By Lieut. WARREN, Horse

Artillery

391

CARCLAZE, AN OLD CORNISH MINE. By PROFESSOR CHURCH, M.A., F.C.S...... 401

ON THE SACK TREE OF THE EAST INDIES, AND OTHER FIBROUS BARKS.

JOHN R. JACKSON, Curator of the Museum, Royal Gardens, Kew..

OWEN'S THEORIES OF LIFE AND DEVELOPMENT

By

407

421

LINNE. HYGINUS.-DIAGONAL PRISM EYE-PIECE. BY REV. T. W. Webb, M.A.,