found to obtain. Where both meridional boundaries are new lines or where both have been previously established, the random latitudinal boundary will be run from east to west. In either case, if defective conditions are not encountered, the random line will be corrected back on a true line, upon which will be established regular quarter-section and section corners at intervals of 40 chains, alternately, counting from the east, and meander corners at the intersection of the true line with all meanderable bodies of water. The bearing of the true line will be calculated on the basis of the falling of the random, and the fractional measurement will be placed in the west half mile. A meridional township exterior will be terminated at the point of its intersection with a standard parallel, placing the excess or deficiency in measurement in the northernmost half mile. At the point of intersection of the meridional boundary with a standard parallel a closing township corner will be established; the parallel will be retraced between the first standard corners east and west of the point for the closing corner, in order to determine the exact alinement of the line closed upon, and the distance, will be measured and recorded to the nearest corner on said standard parallel,

152. In order to complete the exteriors of a township it will often remain to establish a meridional boundary between previously established township corners; such boundaries will be run from south to north on random lines, with temporary corners set at intervals of 40 chains, and, if defective conditions are not encountered, the random will be corrected to a true line; by this plan the excess or deficiency of measurement will be placed in the north half mile, as required by law, and double sets of corners will be avoided where unnecessary.

153. The temporary points on any random exterior will be replaced by permanent corners, in proper position, when the final true line adjustments for the latter have been fully determined; the true line will be properly blazed through timber, and distances to important items of topography will be adjusted to correct true line measurements.

154. The field notes will embrace a full and complete record of the manner in which the township exteriors are run and established. The notes will show how the alinement of the random latitudinal curve was determined, the direction of the projection, the amount of the falling north or south of the objective township corner, and the calculated return course or true line.

IRREGULAR ORDER AND PARTIAL SURVEYS.

155. As the remaining unsurveyed public lands are found to contain less and less extensive areas surveyable under the law it becomes necessary to depart from the ideal procedure in order more directly to reach the areas authorized for survey. The many possible combinations are entirely too numerous to state in detail, but where an irregular order appears to be necessary such departure from the ideal order of survey will be specifically outlined in the written special instructions. Such departure should always be based on the principle of accomplishing, by whatever plan, the same relation of one township boundary to another as would have resulted from regular establishment under ideal conditions.

In authorizing surveys to be executed it will not usually be provided that exteriors are to be carried forward until the township is to be subdivided; thus where causes operate to prevent the establishment of the boundaries in full it is not imperative that the survey of the exterior lines be completed; under such conditions it may be found necessary to run section lines as offsets to township exteriors and such section lines will be run either on cardinal courses or parallel to the governing boundaries of such townships, or even established when subdividing, as existing conditions may require.

GENERAL EXCEPTIONS.

156. The above rules accord with former practice, except that in certain instances the random latitudinal boundaries will be run from west to east, instead of invariably from east to west, as heretofore required. It is also deemed advisable to incorporate other exceptions which will lessen the difficulties of subdivisional surveys frequently experienced in the past.

It is especially desirable that the alinement of a new latitudinal boundary (which becomes the governing south boundary of the township to the north) shall not depart more than 14' from the true cardinal course; therefore the random line, run upon the cardinal course, may be made the true line where the falling would require a correction exceeding 14′ of arc. Where the random latitudinal boundary thus closes on a new meridional exterior the temporary township corner may be adjusted to the latitude of the opposite township corner; but where both meridional boundaries have been previously surveyed a closing township corner will be established at the point of intersection of the random latitudinal line with the