parents) is a naturalized British subject or because he is an aboriginal native of any Dominion (other than New Zealand) colony or dependency of His Majesty (e. g. Indians would require permits). Applications for such permits must be sent by post to the Minister of Customs from the country of origin of the immigrant or from the country where the immigrant has resided for at least a year prior to date of application (1920 Part I).

The issue to aliens of permits to enter New Zealand as permanent settlers, is within the absolute discretion of the Minister of Customs. In practice permits are issued (subject to the personal fitness of the applicant) in accordance with an indeterminate quota system.

The Governor General may, by Order in Council, exempt specified nations or peoples from the operation of this part of the Act.

Chinese are excluded unless they obtain permits as above, and pay a poll tax of £100 (sec. 31, 1908).

(3) Ex-enemy aliens are excluded except under license issued by the Attorney General.

IV. Literacy Test.

The dictation test of previous Acts was repealed in 1920.

V. Health Regulations.

No person who is an idiot or insane, or suffering from a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease, is allowed to land (1908, 14 (1) b, and c.)

VI. Economic Conditions.

Lunatics or idiots (if exempted from the prohibition against their landing) or deaf, dumb, blind or infirm persons, who are likely to become a charge upon any public institution, are allowed to land, but the master or owner of the vessel must enter into a bond for £100 guaranteeing their maintenance for 5 years.

VII. Numerical Limitation.

Tonnage restriction regarding Chinese (c. f. Canada) (1908 Sec. 29). C. Exempted Classes or Non Immigrants.

(1) The Acts do not apply to certain classes of people (List, same as for Australia, a-e, see above).

(2) Temporary permits may be granted for six months (or less) to a visitor who desires to enter New Zealand "only for purposes of business, pleasure or health." Such permits may be extended indefinitely, or converted into a permit for permanent settlement (see under III above) at the

discretion of the Minister. Where such permit is granted to a visitor, a similar permit may be granted to his wife and children and any servants and employees actually accompanying him.

In practice the wives of Indians, Chinese and Japanese already domiciled in New Zealand, appear to be admitted when application is made, but subject to the state of the informal "quota."

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Acts

The Immigration Act of 1924 and previous Acts (Sec. 25, 1924. "The provisions of this Act are in addition to and not in substitution for the provisions of the immigration laws," i. e., many earlier Acts (and treaties) must be taken into consideration; also Immigration Rules and Regulations.) A. Basic Principles. (c. f. Note on Australia.)

B. Conditions of Admission and Methods of Controlling Immigration.
I. Police Regulations.

(Similar to Australia, but add polygamists to list. 1917 Act).

II. Defence of Social Order.

(Acts 1917, 1918, 1920. Similar to Australia. Purely political offences or doctrines excepted).

III. Regulations relating to Race, Nationality, etc.

(1) 1924 Act Sec. 13. Aliens ineligible to citizenship "are not admitted to the United States unless they are admissible as non-quota immigrants, or are not immigrants as defined in the Act." (See below under “Exempted classes.") (For application of quota system to nationality, see below under "restriction of number.")

Under the naturalization law, naturalization is limited to aliens being free white persons, and to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent; i. e., Chinese, Japanese, Indians, etc., are "ineligible to citizenship."

(2) By the Gentleman's Agreement of 1907 (in effect superseded by 1924 Act) Japan limited the issue of pass-ports to America to non-labourers, but Japanese who were former residents of the United States or their parents, wives or children, even if they belonged to the labouring class, might receive pass-ports.

IV. Literacy Test.

Persons over 16 (with some exceptions) physically capable of reading who cannot read English or some other language are excluded. (1917 Act.)

V. Health Regulations. (Similar to Canada).

VI. Economic Conditions.

Paupers, professional beggars and vagrants, and persons likely to become a public charge, are amongst those prohibited. Pass-ports may not be visaed by United States consuls unless an affidavit of support (by some person in United States) is presented by the immigrant. Landing money of at least 50 dollars is required. "Contract labourers" are excluded.

VII. Numerical Limitation.

Under Sec. II of the 1924 Act, "Quota immigrants" are admitted under the following numerical limitations: "The annual quota of any nationality shall be 2 per cent of the number of foreign born individuals of such nationality resident in continental U. S. as determined by the U. S. census of 1890, but the minimum quota of any nationality shall be 100."

From July 1, 1927 “the annual quota of any nationality shall be a number which bears the same ratio to 150,000 as the number of inhabitants in continental U. S. in 1920 having that national origin bears to the number of inhabitants in continental U. S. in 1920, but the minimum quota of any nationality shall be 100."

These quota provisions do not apply to persons born in Canada, Mexico or Central or South American Republics. (Sec. 4, c.)

C. Exempted Classes or Non Immigrants.

According to Sec. 3, 1924, the following classes are non-immigrants. (1) Government officials, their family and servants, etc.

(2) Tourists or temporary visitors for business or pleasure.

(3) Aliens in continuous transit through United States.

(4) Bona fide alien seamen.

(5) Aliens entitled to enter the United States solely to carry on trade under the provisions of an existing treaty of commerce and navigation. Article I of the American-Japanese Treaty of 1911 gives to Japanese "liberty to enter, travel and reside to carry on trade, wholesale and retail and generally to do anything incident to or necessary for trade upon the same terms as native citizens The wife and children of a Japanese merchant are also admitted.

By Section 4 of the 1924 Act the following are defined as "non-quota immigrants” (1) an immigrant previously lawfully admitted to the United States, who is returning from a temporary visit abroad. (2) Ministers of religion or professors of a college, academy, seminary, or university, (and their wives and unmarried children) who seek to enter the United

States solely for the purpose of carrying on their professions. (3) Bona fide students at least 15 years old, who seek to enter the United States solely for the purpose of study at an accredited school, college, academy, university, etc., provided they comply with the necessary conditions.

JAPAN

Japanese immigration is regulated by Ordinance of the Department of Home Affairs, promulgated in January, 1918 and amended in 1921 and 1924.

A. Basic Principles.

The basic principles of this Ordinance appear to be the same as those of the Acts dealt with above.

B. Conditions of Admission and Methods of Controlling Immigration.

I. Police Regulations.

Any alien not possessing pass-port or certificate of nationality may be excluded. Pass-ports are not required from Chinese, Koreans (as Japanese subjects) are free to travel to Japan.

II. Defence of Social Order.

The following may be excluded. Aliens liable (1) to commit actions inimical to the interests of the Empire, or to work for the interest of an enemy State, (2) to endanger public order or to corrupt public morals. III. Regulations Relating to Race and Nationality.

There is no discrimination on account of race or colour. By the existing Sino-Japanese treaty, neither country permits the nationals of the other to reside in the interior, outside the open ports. But by the Imperial Ordinance, No. 352 of 1899, Japan gave the right of free residence and of freedom to engage in any occupation in any part of the country to all aliens (including Chinese) except labourers, who have to get the permission of local governors for engaging in work outside the former treaty ports. In practice, such permission appears to be frequently withheld from Chinese labourers-not on the ground of race, but to protect the higher Japanese standard of living. The local governors are given power to cancel such permits to labourers.

IV. Literacy Test.

None.

V. Health Regulations.

The following may be prohibited from landing (a) Those infected with contagious diseases of all kinds or with diseases dangerous to public health; (b) imbeciles and impotents.

VI. Economic Conditions

The following may be excluded (a) chronic vagrants or beggars (b) paupers, and those liable to become a public charge.

VII. Numerical Limitation.

None.

C. Exempted Classes.

(a) Imperial Ordinance 1899. Aliens who are non-labourers are free to live and follow occupations anywhere in Japan.

(b) Diplomatic and consular officers and crews of foreign vessels exempted from Ordinances.

NOTE ON IMMIGRATION ACTS OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN REPUBLICS ON PACIFIC LITTORAL

Police Regulations

Of the same general type as those of the Acts analyzed above exist in all the Pacific States of Central and South America.

Defence of Social Order.

Regulations exist in Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico and Panama.

Race, Nationality, Etc.

Costa Rica excludes Asiatics and Gipsies, Ecuador excludes Chinese. Guatemala excludes Asiatics. Panama excludes Chinese, Syrians, Turks and Gipsies.

Literacy Tests.

None imposed.

Health Regulations

Regulations of the usual type exist in all Central and South American Pacific States.

Economic Conditions

Regulations providing for the exclusion of beggars, vagrants and persons likely to become a public charge exist in nearly all these states. Further regulations relating to economic conditions exist in some cases.