The first Portuguese to reside in Hawaii were from whaling ships. The first Japanese were castaways from Japanese junks picked up at sea and brought to Honolulu. Some remained but these people did not come in any numbers until later as assisted immigrants.

Expanding agricultural industry demanded more laborers. The first immigration of Chinese laborers was in 1852. An official Board of Immigration was established in 1865, and in July of that year 500 laborers arrived from China. This immigration continued until the excessive numbers resulted in a popular agitation and cessation under legislative direction in 1888.

One hundred and forty-eight Japanese laborers arrived in 1868.

The pioneer Portuguese labor immigration came from the Azores and Madeira in 1878. About this time Gilbert Islanders were brought in but proved unsatisfactory. Few remained.

Japan consented in 1884 to allow its people to emigrate to Hawaii under government supervision. The first company arrived in February of 1885. Many thousands left Japan in this wave of emigration. After the annexation of Hawaii to the United States in 1898, hundreds of the Japanese laborers stopped in Hawaii only long enough to earn enough money to pay transportation to the Pacific coast.

Russians, Galicians, Norwegians, Spaniards, Porto Ricans, American Southern Negro and Filipinos have been added to the population in response to the needs of agricultural industry, till today our population of 300,000 is made up in its racial and national classification as follows: American, British, German, and Russian, 34,272; Portuguese, 26,790; Porto Rican, 6,347; Spanish, 1,939; Chinese, 24,522; Filipinos, 39,608; Hawaiian, 21,272; Japanese, 125,368; Korean, 5,817; Caucasian-Hawaiian, 13,134; AsiaticHawaiian, 7,816 and all others, 215.

Approximately 183,000 of the total 300,000 are citizens of the United States. The racial statistical tables give the classification of American citizens as follows: American, British, German, and Russian, 33,972; Portuguese, 23,090; Porto Rican, 6,347; Spanish, 1,080; Chinese, 12,689; Hawaiian, 21,271; Japanese, 66,647; Korean, 2,720; Caucasian-Hawaiian, 13,134; Asiatic-Hawaiian, 7,816 and all others, 135.

Hawaii was admitted to the United States on its own petition in 1898. Its government was then fully organized and internationally recognized. The Organic Act passed by Congress gave a full Territorial form of government, similar to that granted the Western Territories that have become States of the Union. The Governor, Secretary of the Territory and Judicial officers are appointed by the President of the United States. The Legislature and municipal officers are elected under universal suffrage.

All Federal taxes of internal revenue and customs duties are paid into the Federal Treasury and we share in Federal money only through appropriation by Congress.

Our status in this respect is similar to that of a State. The Territory maintains its Territorial and Municipal governments through legislative levy of taxes on incomes, real and personal property and various licenses.

Hawaii is moving forward as a natural normal unit and integral part of the United States of Aemerica. Though we entered the Union in 1898, the dominant influence for more than a hundred years has been American. American in business, in education, in religion.

The children of every race and nationality born in these islands since annexation enjoy all the constitutional rights and privileges of American citizenship.

Our citizen population of 183,000 classified by race and nationality makes interesting reading and study as a forerunner of the future cosmopolitan citizenship of the Pacific area. English has been the compulsory language of the public schools for more than fifty years, thus giving us an English-speaking, European-Oriental-Polynesianized population of American citizens. I say Polynesianized because the kindly nature of the Polynesian, guided by counsel typified by the Scotchman Wyllie, the down-East Yankee Dr. Gerrit P. Judd and Rev. Hiram Bingham, has been a living, definitely traceable force.

Hawaii has been frequently termed the laboratory of race relationships of the Pacific. We sometimes feel that we are specimens because we are so frequently analyzed and dissected with such varying conclusions ranging all the way from the closest approach to earthly perfections to a horrible example of all that should not be and the beginning of earthly if not eternal disaster.

Through it all, with the passage of time, Hawaii's people have maintained and amplified the traditional spirit of friendliness. Experience indicated that whatever successes have been gained, find their secret in freedom from race prejudices; once racial antagonisms get out of control, difficulties loom that promise disaster.

Hawaii has been and is an adventure in friendships and neighborliness. This is the friendly outpost of a friendly nation. We are proud of our achievements and acknowledge with humility our mistakes.

Above all we are grateful for the opportunity of placing our blessings of happy natural surroundings and cosmopolitan good will at the disposal of delegates from all parts of the Pacific area, delegates engaged in a sincere conference and helpful exchange of thought on what may prove the best avenues of approach and the most practical lines of eventual

advance to permanent friendships of race and nation that no man will strive to disturb and no nation allowed to destroy.

On behalf of the people of the Territory of Hawaii, I extend to you a cordial and sincere Aloha.

2. THE APPROACH TO PACIFIC PROBLEMS

BY ARTHUR L. DEAN

In the eyes of the members of this Institute the world in which we live appears to have undergone profound changes, even in the brief span of our lives. I do not need to catalog these changes,-the wireless, the automobile, the aeroplane and all the rest. Yet I imagine that we would all agree that the fundamental nature of man is relatively unchanging. There is no reason to suppose that our bodies or our minds differ substantially from those of our ancestors.

There are, however, two developments in the field of thought which have become of outstanding importance in our modern life. They are of great significance to our gathering here. In fact, without them this Institute would not have been conceived. The first of these is the rise of that which, for lack of a better term, we call democracy. Men are not of equal endowments and never have been. Because some have greater powers of body or mind coupled with the more dynamic qualities of temperament they have risen above their fellows. In the past this supremacy has been reinforced and perpetuated by various means, and with results of which we all know. Men have come more and more to feel that any artificial restraints upon the free development and functioning of any man, no matter how humble, is wrong. This is no longer limited to a few visionaries, or a locality here and there. It is a tremendous moving force in the world of to-day. It has to be reckoned with. No longer may national policies and international relations be settled in the closet of the king. The man in the street insists on knowing, and on having his part in the decisions. The growth of universal education is both a part of this rise of the common man and a stimulus to it. What the peoples know, and think and feel are of tremendous significance in the international life of to-day. And we are here not as representatives of kings or emperors or presidents, but as common citizens of our countries. We are moved by the belief that it is as the peoples know the truth, think clearly, and act with fairness and prudence, that we may hope for peace in the Pacific.

The second great movement which is profoundly changing the currents of human life is the rise of the scientific method of thought. It is all so much a part of our every day life that it is a bit difficult for us to

disassociate ourselves from the current of modern thinking. The naive mind of former days which expected the material world to be revealed through messages from the gods, or by subtle reasoning without reference. to the facts, seems incomprehensible. That so obvious a thing as the collection of data and then reasoning from them, or the application of systematically planned experiments, should have remained to be a modern development passes our understanding. Be that as it may, this method of approaching problems is the dominant intellectual characteristic of our time. Through it man has achieved astonishing, not to say appalling, control over material forces. He has achieved no corresponding control over himself and his doings, as the catastrophes of the last dozen years have shown. It is the genius of this Institute that we propose to use the same sort of patient and systematic collection of data, the same dispassionate reasoning, and the same courageous pursuit of truth that have characterized that which we call science.

We have met here to seek wisdom. Wisdom is a certain kind of knowing; not a mere passive or vegetative type of knowledge, it looks forward to action. Wisdom is knowing the best thing to do. We shall not rest with wisdom, we shall want to take counsel how wisdom may be made to prevail and bear its fruit of wise actions. The wise thing to do is not necessarily, nor in fact often, the ideal thing. One may lament with Omar

Ah Love, Could you and I with Him conspire
To grasp this sorry scheme of things entire
Would not we shatter it to bits

And then remold it nearer to the heart's desire.

But if one is wise he will not start the shattering; the remolding may be no nearer to the heart's desire.

We are here in a spirit of hope; not too sanguine I venture to say, yet if we had not hope we should scarcely think it worth while to come. And our hope is that we may, to some small degree, aid in the evolution of a finer human life in the countries which are united by the Pacific. It is a distant vision, perhaps, yet many a man plants the tree whose fruit he may not hope to eat.

There are both negative and positive aspects to this evolution of a better order in the Pacific. On the one hand we desire to get rid of evils we already have and avoid the calamities which might overtake us,―misunderstandings, prejudices, injustices, bitter hatreds, and the struggles which lead to death. We shall not rest content, however, with the mere avoidance of trouble, but look to positive results through cooperation. Each country around the Pacific has something to contribute to enrich our

common life. Not all utility or beauty, or knowledge, or inspiration has been vouchsafed to any one people or place. Even when they were surest of the divine sanction, God's chosen people imported some things from their neighbors.

I am not advocating a monotonous uniformity in mankind. I am thinking of the development of well-rounded men. The dynamic civilization of the West with its emphasis on things which often deteriorates into mere materialism and restlessness might gain by being tempered by the more serene and spiritual life of the East; and, on the other hand the contemplative genius of the Orient with its passiveness and apparent disregard of the welfare of human beings might gain through some infusion of the belief in the value of effort and the possibility of progress.

In certain fields we already have this pooling in a common stock to be used by all. The outstanding example is in the field of science, the fundamental ethics of which require that one shall publish the results of his work for all to know who will. True science knows no national nor racial bounds. Unfortunately few fields of human interest are in as fortunate a position as science.

Since our object is to find wisdom and ways of mutual assistance up the pathway of progress, the first indispensable step is to know the facts. The first thing we need to know is the kind of people we are. I am thinking of such situations as the abysmal ignorance of the average American concerning the characteristics of the people of the Orient. Almost as unfortunate, perhaps, are the delusions which he entertains about himself. Brought up in an environment where a few Chinese laundrymen were the only representatives of the Orient, it was difficult for me to realize that Chinese could do anything except wash clothes, or were persons whom one could really know. I assumed that there were such things as Japanese women and children but I had no notion of what they were like. I suspect most Americans are in a like case. The fundamental humanity of all races is something we must learn as the basis of wisdom.

We are held apart by the differences of our social institutions. One rarely cares to enquire into the rational basis which lies behind customs and institutions which are different from ones own, they are more easily dismissed as barbaric. What further evidence does an American need than that Japanese eat raw fish and have no chairs, or, if one is Japanese, that Americans wear their shoes into the house and breathe in one's face when talking to one. It appears to be difficult for the average man to realize that social institutions which are followed by millions of people must have a real utility and may deserve admiration instead of sneers. At any rate they are worthy of sympathetic understanding.