served as adjutant-general of four different military divisions, and was retired at his own request July 1, 1881.

GENTSCH, BERNARD F., manufacturer; born in Saxe-Altenburg, Germany, 1835; died by his own hand in Buffalo, N. Y., July 15. He became a resident of Buffalo in 1854 and engaged in the manufacture of pickles and mustard, from which he realized a fortune. He was elected to the New York legislature in 1878, and was appointed postmaster at Buffalo by President Harrison.

GRAHAM, GEORGE R., journalist and publisher; born in Philadelphia, Penn., in Jan., 1813; died in Orange, N. J., July 13. He was widely known as the founder of Graham's Magazine in 1841, to which Bryant, Longfellow, Willis, Saxe, Lowell, and others contributed, and from which, for many years, he enjoyed an annual income of $50,000.

HAWKINS, WALTER, bishop; born of negro parents, in Georgetown, Md., May 12, 1808; died in Chatham, Ont., July 15. From the condition of a bondman, he raised himself to the high position of bishop of the British M. E. Church of Canada, to which he was appointed in 1886 and reappointed in 1890.

HOLT JOSEPH, statesman; born in Breckinridge co., Ky., in Jan., 1807; died in Washington, D. C., Aug. 1. He studied law. In 1857 he was appointed commissioner of patents; in 1859 postmaster-general; and, when John B. Floyd withdrew from President Buchanan's cabinet, secretary of war. In 1862, he was made judge-advocate-general of the army, and was conspicuous in the court-martial which tried Mrs. Surratt and the other conspirators executed for the assassination of President Lincoln. In 1864 he was placed at the head of the bureau of military justice. In March, 1865, he was brevetted major-general, and on Dec. 1, 1875, was retired at his own request. INGERSOLL, SIMON, inventor; born in Greenwich, Conn., in 1812; died in Stamford, Conn., July 24. He invented a rock drill which is now an indispensable appliance in railroad building.

INNESS, GEORGE, artist; born in Newburg, N. Y., May 1, 1825; died in Scotland, where he was travelling for his health, Aug 3. He was largely self-educated. As a landscape painter his fame is universal. He was chosen a national academician in 1868. His American Sunset was selected as a representative American work for the Paris exposition in 1867.

JOHNSON, GEORGE A., jurist; died in San Francisco, Cal., Sep. 20. He was, first, judge of the Indiana circuit court, afterward attorney-general of California.

KIRKWOOD, SAMUEL J., statesman; born in Maryland in 1813; died at Des Moines, Iowa, Sep. 1. He studied law; removed first to Ohio, afterward to Iowa, where in 1859 he was elected governor, and re-elected in 1861. He was in the United States senate 1866-7; again elected governor, 1875; resigned, 1877, to re-enter the United States senate; was secretary of the interior under President Garfield.

LAWRENCE, EUGENE, historian; born in New York city 1823; died there Aug. 17. His maiden work, Lives of British Historians, appeared in 1855. Since then he has published Historical Studies, Smaller History of Rome, The Jews and Their Persecutors, The Mystery of Columbus, and various other works. From 1869 to 1885, he was engaged on Harper's Weekly; and his papers in defense of the public schools, and against foreign interference with them, gave him wide reputation.

NEWELL, JOHN, railway official; born in 1830; died at Youngs town, O., Aug. 25. In 1875 he became general manager of the Lake Shore railroad, and in 1883 its president. He was also president of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie road from 1879.

PEIDEN, JAMES A., soldier; born in Wilmington, N. C., in 1816; died in Jacksonville, Fla., Sep. 30. He took part in the Seminole war, also served with distinction in the Mexican war. He afterward practiced law; was appointed chargé d'affaires at Buenos Ayres by President Pierce; and was for several years a member of the Florida legislature.

PLEASANTON, AUGUSTUS JAMES, soldier and scientist; born Jan. 21, 1808; died in Philadelphia, Penn., July 26. He for a while served in the regular army, but resigned in order to gratify his taste for scientific experiments. He speculated much upon the alleged influence of the blue color upon animal and vegetable life, and he was widely known as the "blue glass philosopher.'

READE, CHARLES B., late deputy sergeant-at-arms of the United States senate; born in Lewiston, Me., Aug. 8, 1852; died there Aug. 4.

ROBINSON, CHARLES, ex-governor of Kansas; born in Hardwick, Mass., July 21, 1818; died in Lawrence, Kan., Aug. 17. First a doctor, then an editor, he went to Kansas in 1854 as agent of the New England Emigrants' Aid Society, and was elected first governor in 1856. He was re-elected in 1858 and 1859. He afterward served as representative and as senator in the Kansas legislature.

SLOCUM, WILLARD, soldier; born in 1820; died in Ashland, O., Sep. 24. He was inspector-general of the 13th army corps before and during the siege of Vicksburg, and was brevetted brigadier-gen

eral.

STONEMAN, GEORGE, soldier; born in Busti, N. Y., Aug. 8, 1822, died in Buffalo, N. Y., Sep. 5. He was graduated at West Point in 1846; served in the Mexican war; afterward gained distinction as an Indian fighter; was conspicuous during the civil war for his bold cavalry dashes; fell into the hands of the enemy while leading a raid in Georgia, but was exchanged, when he resumed operations in western Virginia. He was brevetted major general March 13, 1865; retired from service in 1871, and settled in California; was elected railroad commissioner in 1882, and governor in 1883.

STRONG, JAMES, educator; born in New York city Aug. 14, 1822. died at Round Lake, N. Y., Aug. 7. He was graduated at Wesleyan University in 1844; was teacher of languages in the academy at West Poultney, Vt., 1844-6; projector, builder, and president of the Flushing railroad, L. I., 1847; professor and acting president Troy (N. Y.) University 1858-61; professor in Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, N. J., 1868-93, and since then professor emeritus. He stood at the head of Biblical and Hebraic scholars in the United States; was a member of the Anglo-American commission appointed in 1881 to re vise the Bible; was an extensive traveller, an omnivorous student, and a patient and prolific author. He wrote Harmony and Exposition of the Gospels, Doctrine of a Future Life, Jewish Life in the First Century, Sacred Idylls, The Tabernacle of Israel, and various other vol umes, his labors culminating in the editorship of the monumental and invaluable Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature (12 vols.), and the recent completion of an Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible in the Authorized and Revised Versions.

THAXTER, CELIA, author; born in Portsmouth, N. H., June 29,

1836; died on Appledore Island, Isles of Shoals, near Portsmouth, N. H., Aug. 26. When barely sixteen, she married her guardian, friend, and teacher, Levi L. Thaxter. She was a favorite in the literary and artistic circles of Boston. Her works include Poems, Driftwood, The Cruise of the Mystery, Poems for Children, and Among the Isles of Shoals.

THOMPSON, LAUNT, sculptor; born in Abbeyleix, Ireland, Feb. 8, 1833; died in Middletown, N. Y., Sep. 26. He became an academician in 1862, and spent much time in Italy. His principal work is The Trapper.

THURSTON, ARIEL S., jurist; born in 1809; died in West Braddock, Penn., Sep. 23. His father was an officer in George Wash ington's army, and a direct lineal descendant of Miles Standish. Most of Judge Thurston's life was spent in Elmira, N. Y., where he held various positions of honor and trust.

UNDERWOOD, FRANCIS H., United States consul at Leith, Scotland; born at Enfield, Mass., Jan. 12, 1825; died at Leith Aug. 7. In early life he read law; and in 1852 was elected clerk of the Massachusetts senate. Developing literary tastes, he became reader to the publishing firm of Phillips, Sampson & Co., Boston, and assisted in the man

agement of the Atlantic Monthly at its beginning. For eleven years he was clerk of the superior court, Boston; appointed consul at Leith in 1885. He was the author of Cloud Pictures, Lord of Himself, Man Proposes, The True Story of Exodus, with other works.

WELLING, JAMES CLARK, D. D., educator; born in Trenton, N. J., July 14, 1825; died in Washington, D. C., Sep. 4. He became in early life literary editor of the old National Intelligencer. In 1871 he became associated with Columbian University, Washington, D. C., and was its president up to the time of his death.

WEST, A. M., politician; born in Alabama in 1818; died at Holly Springs, Miss., Sept. 30. He was an officer in the Confederate army, and at the close of the war was elected to congress, but not permitted to take his seat; was first president of the Mississippi Central railroad; a presidential elector in 1876; and nominee for vice-president on the ticket headed by Benjamin F. Butler in 1884.

WILLIAMS, GEORGE H., educator; born in 1856; died in Utica, N. Y., July 12. He was professor of organic geology at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; was a recognized authority upon geological subjects; had written many pamphlets and a text-book,

and was one of the judges of the exhibit of precious stones at the World's Fair.

WINANS, EDWIN S., ex-governor of Michigan; died at Hamburg, Mich., July 5.

Foreign:

BEYENS, BARON, Belgian minister to France; died in Paris July 17. BRUGSCH, HEINRICH CARL, savant; born in Berlin, Prussia, Feb. 18. 1827; died there Sep. 10. While a student at the gymnasium, a Latin essay on the demotic writings revealed his predilection for

HELMHOLTZ,

DISTINGUISHED SCIENTIST.

Egyptian studies. His first publications attracted the notice of Humboldt, and gained for him the patronage of Frederick William IV. Means were thereupon furnished him to study the Egyptian inscriptions found in the museums of London, Paris, Turin, and Leyden. He first visited Egypt in 1855, and witnessed important finds by Mariette. Returning to Berlin, he was appointed professor and curator of the Egyptian museum. In 1864 he was made consul at Cairo, and in 1868 took charge of the school of Egyptology newly founded in that city. He was raised to the dignity of a pasha by the khedive.

CAIN, NICHOLAS, sculp tor; born in Paris, France, in 1822; died there Aug. 7.

The most famous of his creations were Family of Tigers, Nubian Lion, The Lion of the Sahara, and Rhinoceros Attacked by Ligers. In 1869 he received the cross of the Legion of Honor.

COWELL, SIR JOHN CLAXTON, K. C. B., master of the queen's household, died suddenly in London, Eng.. Aug. 29.

FURSCH-MADI, AMY, prima donna; born in Belgium in 1847; died in Warrenville, N. J., Sep. 20. Her successes in Brussels, Paris, London, and New York were notable. Her first appearance in America was made at the Metropolitan opera house, New York city, in 1883, as was also her last in 1893. After the death of Tietjens and Parepa-Rosa, she was by many considered without a rival.

HARDINGE, CHARLES STEWART, viscount; born in 1822; died in London, Eng., July 28. He was M. P. for Downpatrick 1851-6, and under-secretary of war 1838-9.

HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN LUDWIG FERDINAND VON, Scientist; born in Potsdam, Prussia, Aug. 31, 1821; died in Berlin Sep. 8. He studied medicine at the military institute in Berlin and served on the staff of one of the hospitals, afterwards returning to Potsdam as an army surgeon. In 1845 he was given the chair of anatomy in the Berlin Academy, in which the great John Müller was director; and

was afterwards chosen professor of physiology at Königsberg. He was transferred to a similar place at Bonn in 1855, and to Heidelberg in 1865, and in 1871 to the place before occupied by Magnus at the Berlin University, where he remained until his death. His exalted reputation was grounded on his work on The Conservation of Force (1847). Professor Helmholtz is to be credited with notable discoveries in almost every department of physics. The most directly practical of these, and the one for which he is most generally known, was the ophthalmoscope, an instrument by which the whole interior of the eye can be readily examined, and which is now in universal use. He also invented a method of analyzing sound by the use of hollow bodies called resonators. He discovered the acoustic origin of the vowel sounds in human speech, and invented a series of tuning-forks which enabled him to produce them artificially. He first established a relationship between sound and light by demonstrating the existence of "sound colors" arranged in accordance with the laws of the solar spectrum. He succeeded in popularizing the branches of the sciences in which he labored, so that humanity in general might reap the fruit of his labors, alike in knowledge and in applied results. His published works are quite too numerous to be even named; and more than 120 of his scientific disquisitions have been read before the Royal Society alone. In 1873 he received the Copley medal from the Royal Society of London, Eng., and in 1883 was raised to "the status of nobility" by decree of the Emperor William I. of Germany. In 1893 he visited the United States as a guest at the World's Fair, and was given receptions in Chicago and New York city. Helmholtz has more profoundly than any other man, save perhaps Darwin, modified the views of his generation with reference to some unsolved problems of the universe. The history of his life is that of such scientific work as has never been surpassed, if equalled, by any individual. It has been said that the three ideas which will make the present century memorable in coming ages are the doctrine of the conservation of energy, the doctrine of evolution, and the germ theory of disease. The first is indissolubly associated with the

name of Helmholtz.

HENN, WILLIAM, naval officer; died in Kildysart, Ireland, Sep. 1. He was a retired officer of the British navy, but was best known as the owner of the cutter Galatea, which competed with the Mayflower for the America's cup in 1886. He acquired also some distinction as an explorer in Africa.

HUMBERT, GUSTAVE AMÉDÉE, publicist; born in Metz, France, June 28, 1822; died in Paris Sep. 25. He first gained distinction as a legal practitioner, author, and professor. Elected to the national assembly in 1871, he became vice-president of the republican left; he was afterwards elected one of the seventy-five life senators. tered the cabinet of M. De Freycinet as minister of justice in 1887, and was named president of the Cour des Comptes in 1890. He was also an officer in the Legion of Honor.

En

INGLEFIELD, SIR EDWARD, K. C. B., D. C. L., F. R. S., naval officer; born in Cheltenham, Eng., in 1820; died in London Sep. 6. His first service was connected with the operations on the coast of Sidon; his next was performed in South American waters. He was made vice-admiral in 1875; was superintendent of the Malta dockyards 1871-7, and commander-in-chief of the North American station 1878-9. He commanded three Arctic expeditions, and wrote a volume on his experiences.