duced by inhaling the gas, one of his subjects, who had bruised himself while under the influence of the gas, declared after the effects had passed off, that he had felt no pain whatever while under its influence. The late Dr. Horace Wells, a dentist, who was present, was greatly interested in the circumstance, and suggested the possibility of extracting teeth without pain by the use of the gas. The next day Dr. Wells inhaled the gas and had a tooth drawn by Dr. Riggs, a fellow-dentist, without any pain. This is said to have been the birth of the practical knowledge of anæsthetics. Dr. Wells induced Dr. Colton to teach him the method of making and administering the gas, and began using it in his own practice. At this point a controversy arose which excited much bitterness for many years. Dr. Colton claimed that Dr. Wells had tried without success to induce several dentists in Boston to try the gas; that one of them, Dr. William T. G. Morton, conceived the idea from Dr. Wells's experiment of using sulphuric ether as an anesthetic and tried it with success; and that Dr. Charles T. Jackson, a physician with whom Drs. Wells and Morton had studied, claimed the discovery of anesthesia on the ground that he had suggested Dr. Morton's experiments. In Dr. Colton's judgment, Dr. Wells was the accidental discoverer. In 1847 Dr. Colton devised and had made from his plans the first electrical locomotive on record, a toy construction operated by an ordinary cell battery, and exhibited by him in his lectures, but not deemed of sufficient importance to be patented. Since 1863 he had been interested in large dental establishments in New York and elsewhere.

Concilio, Januarius de, clergyman, born in Naples, Italy, Jan. 7, 1835; died in Jersey City, N. J., March 23, 1898. He was educated at the college Brignoli Sali, Rome, and ordained a priest in Geneva in 1860. He came to the United States the same year, and was assistant in the Church of Our Lady of Grace, in Hoboken, N. J., from April till September. He was appointed Professor of Theology in Seton Hall College, but resigned the chair because of failing health. He was assistant rector of St. Mary's Church, Jersey City, from 1861 till 1867. When the parish of St. Michael's was established, in 1867, he was appointed its curate, and he was in charge of it till his death. The title of Monsignor was conferred upon him by the Pope in 1886. He contributed frequently to Catholic periodicals, and published "Catholicity and Pantheism" (1874); "The Knowledge of Mary" (1878); "Intellectual Philosophy" (1878); and Harmony between Science and Revelation" (1890).

Conger, Omar Dwight, lawyer, born in Cooperstown, N. Y., in 1818; died in Ocean City, Md., July 11, 1898. When six years old he removed with his father to Huron County, Ohio. He was graduated at Western Reserve College in 1842; was appointed to the United States Geological Survey, and spent two years in surveying work in the Lake Superior iron and copper region; and began practicing law in Port Huron, Mich., in 1848. In 1850 he was elected judge of the St. Clair County court for a term of five years, and on its expiration was three times elected to the State Senate, serving till 1861, and acting as president pro tem. during the last term. He was a delegate to the National Republican Convention and a presidential elector in 1864, a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1866, a representative in Congress in 1869-'81, and a United States Senator in 1881-'87. After retiring from the Senate he practiced law in Washington. Conover, George S., historian, born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 7, 1824; died in Geneva, N. Y., July 5, 1898. During his early manhood he was engaged in mercantile business in New York. He removed

to Varick, Seneca County, N. Y., in 1850, and since 1870 had lived in Geneva. Soon after settling in Seneca County he began studying the early history of the region, and from this he became widely known as an authority on the Indian occupation and pioneer settlement of western New York. In 1877 he began a history of the Indian village of Kanadesaga, which occupied the site of the present city of Geneva. This work rapidly broadened till it reached four large volumes and became really a history of western New York. This history was never published, but Mr. Conover made four copies of it, which were presented to the State Library and the Buffalo, Rochester, and Waterloo Historical Societies. In 1855, under the authority of a legistive act, he began compiling the journals of the officers of Gen. Sullivan's army that invaded western New York in 1779 to chastise the Indians. This work was published in 1887. Mr. Conover also wrote many pamphlets, those on Red Jacket and Sayengueraghta, or "Old Smoke, the King of the Senecas," being particularly valuable. About ten years ago he was adopted into the Seneca tribe on their reservation at Brantford, Canada, and received the name of Hy-we-Saus, meaning "The Investigator."

Conrad, Frederick William, author and journalist, born in Pine Grove, Pa., Jan. 3, 1816; died in Philadelphia, April 10, 1898. He received his preparatory training in Mount Airy College, Germantown, Pa., 1828-31, his theological training in the seminary at Gettysburg, 1837-39, was licensed as a minister in the Lutheran Church in 1839, and became pastor of St. Peter's Church, Pinegrove, and of several other congregations in the vicinity. Subsequently he was pastor at Waynesboro and vicinity. 1841-44; Hagerstown, Md., 1844-50; Professor of Modern Languages in Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio, and of Homiletics and Church History in the same institution; pastor of the College Church and associate editor of the "Evangelical Lutheran," 1850-'55; pastor of the First Lutheran Church at Dayton, Ohio, 1855-'62; Trinity Church, Lancaster, Pa., 1862-'64; and at Chambersburg, Pa., 1864-'66. During his pastorate at Lancaster, in 1862, he became joint owner and editor of the "Lutheran Observer," and on the removal of the publication office to Philadelphia, he resigned his pastorate, removed to that city in 1866, and became the editor in chief, which place he held until his death. He received the degree of D. D. from Wittenberg College, and that of LL. D. from Roanoke College, Virginia. Dr. Conrad participated in all the general movements of the Church in this country in connection with the General Synod. He was a gifted speaker and a ready writer. As editor of the most extensively circulated periodical of the General Synod, he helped to shape its policy for many years. He was a frequent contributor to the "Lutheran Quarterly," as well as to other periodicals. He published numerous pamphlets and several books, among the most important of which are Baptism," "The Call to the Ministry." "Worship and its Forms," and "Luther's Small Cathechism Explained and Amplified" (Philadelphia, 1886), of which more than 30,000 copies have been sold.

Cooke, Martin Warren, lawyer, born in Whitehall, N. Y., March 2, 1840; died in Rochester, N. Y., Feb. 25, 1898. He was graduated at the University of Rochester in 1860; was admitted to the bar there in 1863; and was actively engaged in his profession till within a few weeks of his death. For many years he was a Supreme Court examiner of applicants for admission to the bar, and he was several times chairman of the board. He was a member of the executive committee of the New York State Bar Association from its organization, was its

treasurer several years, and was twice elected president of the association. In 1889 he was defeated as the Republican candidate for State Comptroller, though he ran far ahead of his ticket, and in 1897 he was chosen by the Supreme Court and county judges the first jury commissioner of Monroe County under a new law. Mr. Cooke had given much time to literary and scientific work; was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and of several clubs; and had published "The Human Mystery in Hamlet." He was strongly attached to the University of Rochester, and had long served it as trustee and attorney.

Cooley, Thomas McIntyre, jurist, born near Attica, N. Y., Jan. 6, 1824; died in Ann Arbor, Mich., Sept. 12, 1898. He removed to Michigan in 1843, and after his admission to the bar in 1846 practiced for a time in Tecumseh, and settling later in Adrian in the same State edited the "Watch Tower." In 1857 he was appointed by the Michigan Legislature to compile and publish the laws of the State, and in the following year became reporter of the Supreme Court decisions. In 1859 he was made a professor of law in the University of Michigan, and he was for many years dean of the faculty prior to 1885. In 1864 he was elected a justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan, and he was re-elected in 1869 for eight years, having served as Chief Justice in 1868 and 1869. He retired from the bench in 1885, and for the next three years was Professor of American History in the University of Michigan and also lecturer on constitutional law. Under President Cleveland he held for four years the office of Interstate Commerce Commissioner. Owing to failing health he retired from active life in 1891. He contributed frequently to periodicals, but will be best remembered by his chief work, "The Constitutional Limitations which rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of the American Union" (Boston, 1868), a standard authority. His other works, original and compiled, include "Report of Cases in the Supreme Court of Michigan, 1858-'64" (Detroit, 1859-64); “Digest of Michigan Reports" (Detroit, 1866); "A Treatise on the Law of Taxation" (Chicago, 1876); Treatise upon Wrongs and their Remedies, Vol. I, Principles of the Law of Torts" (Chicago, 1878); "The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States" (Boston, 1880); Michigan: A History of Government (Boston, 1885); The Acquisition of Indiana" (Indianapolis, 1887).

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Cooney, Myron A., journalist, born in Dublin, Ireland. in 1841; died in Albany, N. Y., June 21, 1898. He received a collegiate education in his native city, and, removing to the United States in 1860, became a clerk on a Mississippi steamboat. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the service of the New York "Herald as a war correspondent, and at its close he was appointed musical and dramatic editor of the paper. He remained in New York till 1885, when he went to Albany, where he assumed the editorship of the" Argus,' with which he remained till 1891. During the succeeding years of his life he was a legislative correspondent for several newspapers and financial clerk in the Department of Public Instruction. A large part of Mr. Cooney's education was musical, and he wrote a great number of carols, waltzes, English librettos to popular operas, and songs, composing both the words and the music. His Nautilus Waltz" was made a great success by Theodore Thomas, and his musical Roman drama entitled "Cæcilla," which was written for the Convent of the Sacred Heart of Sharon, was produced on a grand scale by the Lazarist Fathers of Baltimore in 1874.

Cooper, Margaret Sunderland, philanthropist, born in Quincy, Mass.; died in Hyde Park, Mass., Aug. 6, 1898. She was a daughter of Le Roy Sunderland, a well-known Methodist preacher and author. From early womanhood she had been actively engaged in humanitarian work. She was a vice-president of the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, a director of the American Humane Association, and a director of the New England Anti-Vivisection Society. So great was her interest in dumb animals that at one time she obtained an appointment under which she superintended the transportation of cattle. Her literary work was principally in behalf of dumb animals, and the strongest of it was in opposition to the practice of vivisection. For long-continued, efficient, and courageous service she was awarded the gold medal of the American Humane Association in 1883.

Cothren, William, lawyer, born in Farmington, Me., Nov. 28, 1819; died in Woodbury, Conn., March 12, 1898. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1843; removed to Woodbury and was admitted to the bar in 1845. In 1856 he was admitted to practice in the United States circuit court, and in 1865 in the United States Supreme Court. Mr. Cothren was best known as an authority on Connecticut genealogy, and was the author of a "History of Ancient Woodbury" and other works.

Couldock, Charles Walter, actor, born in Long Acre, London, England, April 26, 1815; died in New York city, Nov. 27, 1898. He made his first appearance on the stage at Sadler's Wells Theater, London, as Othello, under the name of Mr. Fortescue in 1837. At the age of nine years he had begun to learn the trade of carpenter with his stepfather, and at thirteen had taken employment in a silk warehouse, where he worked nine years as an errand boy and clerk. His adoption of the stage was the result of an enthusiastic admiration of the acting of William C. Macready, of whose characteristic methods Couldock always remained somewhat of an exponent. After his début at Sadler's Wells he took a country engagement at Farnham, Surrey, but after six months of ill-paid work there he joined Jackman's traveling company, the first of that kind in vogue, and shared its fortunes for two years. Affection for a young lady whom he met during this term led him to relinquish the drama and return to mercantile life. He was employed in a wholesale dry-goods house in London for two years, during which he ineffectually tried to induce the young lady to marry him. At the same time he became a prominent member of an amateur dramatic company called "The Shaksperean," of which Dion Boucicault, then known as Lee Moreton, and other distinguished people were members. In the performances of this society, given at the St. James's Theater, Drury Lane, and the Italian Opera House, Couldock played such parts as lago, Petruchio, Hotspur, and Antonio. His resumption of the actor's calling took place with the stock company at Gravesend in the autumn of 1841. At the close of a season at Gravesend he joined the stock company of the Bristol and Bath Circuit in support of John Vandenhoff. In Bristol he married Louisa Smith, with whom he lived happily until her death, in 1877. Following his Bristol engagement he was for a time with the company playing at Southampton, from which he went to become a leading man and public favorite in Edinburgh. On Dec. 26, 1846, he began a prosperous engagement with the stock company playing in Liverpool and Birmingham with a performance of Sir Giles Overreach in the last-named city. Here Mr. Couldock was the principal support of all the prominent actors of his day,

and here he met Charlotte Cushman, who offered him the place of leading man with her on her return to the United States. He had also an offer to play with Macready in London in the production of a new piece named "Philip van Artevelde," but upon Charles Kean's advice that the venture was likely to fail he accepted Miss Cushman's proposal. Mr. Couldock's first appearance in the United States was at the Broadway Theater, Oct. 8, 1849, in the part of the Stranger to Miss Cushman's Mrs. Haller. During the Broadway engagement he played Macbeth, St. Pierre in "The Wife of Mantua," Master Walter in "The Hunchback," Othello, Wolsey, Duke Aranza in "The Honeymoon," Benedick in "Much Ado about Nothing," and King Lear. He was most cordially received by the Americans, not only in New York, but in all the principal cities of the country, and in the autumn of 1850, when Miss Cushman returned to Europe, he remained in the United States and accepted an engagement at the Walnut Street Theater, Philadelphia, as leading man. He held this place for four years. During the second year of his work in this theater Madame Celeste came there as a star, and among other plays produced one which had been sold by Dion Boucicault to Benjamin Webster in London in 1845 but never played. This was called "The Willow Copse," and was in effect an adaptation of a well-known French play called "La Closerie des Genets." At the opening performance at the Walnut Street Theater, May 24, 1852, so masterly was Couldock's rendition of the character of Luke Fielding that after the performance Madame Celeste gave him the play, saying as she did so: "Mr. Couldock, this is not my play; it is yours. Accept it." At the close of his stock season he played Luke Fielding to delighted audiences for three weeks at the Chatham Street Theater, New York, and subsequently starred in the same part in Philadelphia. When his engagement at the Walnut Street Theater ended in 1854 he became a popular "star," varying his presentation of "The Willow Copse," which was generally demanded everywhere, with performances of Hamlet, Othello, Richelieu, and Richard III. Hard times fell upon the drama in 1857, and Mr. Couldock accepted a stock engagement at Laura Keene's Theater, New York city. His first appearance there was in the part of Luke Fielding, Aug. 25, 1858, with Miss Keene as Rose Fielding, Joseph Jefferson as Augustus, and E. A. Sothern as Sir Richard Vaughan. He soon afterward, September 1858, played Louis XI for the first time in the United States at the same theater, and on Oct. 18 of the same year appeared as Abel Murcot in the first performance of Our American Cousin." The season of 1859-'60 he spent in New Orleans in a company managed by John E. Owens. From 1861 to 1878 he played many starring engagements, and in the latter year was a member of a stock company at the Fifth Avenue Theater, New York city, supporting Madame Modjeska on her first appearance in New York. He also made in the same year a strong impression in the part of Risler Ainé in an adaptation of Alphonse Daudet's "Froment Jeune et Risler Ainé," afterward played at the Madison Square Theater under the name of Partners." In September, 1879, Mr. Couldock was engaged by Steele Mackaye for the opening of the Madison Square Theater, New York city. Mr. Mackaye had adapted from an older drama a play which he called An Iron Will," in which the principal character was fashioned upon the lines of Luke Fielding. This play was produced at Providence, R. I., Oct. 27, 1879, Mr. Couldock playing the leading character, and on the completion of the Madison Square Theater was introduced to New York audiences on that stage, Feb. 4, 1880, as

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Hazel Kirke," with Mr. Couldock as Dunstan Kirke. The play ran until May 31, 1881, and was then performed for several years consecutively throughout the United States and Canada. It is said that Mr. Couldock played Dunstan Kirke more than 1,500 times. In April, 1886, Edwin Booth and Signor Salvini appeared at the Academy of Music, New York, in "Othello." Mr. Couldock was a member of the company supporting them and played Brabantio, but his increasing age and the fact that he had been so long confined to one part caused him to give up activity in his calling. On May 11, 1888, Edwin Booth and Joseph Jefferson gave Mr. Couldock a testimonial benefit in honor of the closing of his fiftieth year on the stage. The performance, which took place at the Star Theater, New York, in the afternoon, was attended by an enormous audience and produced more than $5,000 for the beneficiary. It consisted of the third act of "Hamlet," Edwin Booth as Hamlet, Charles Barron as the Ghost John Malone as King Claudius, and Mrs. Augusta Foster as Queen Gertrude; the screen scene from "The School for Scandal," Fanny Davenport as Lady Teazle, John Gilbert as Sir Peter Teazle, Robert Mantell as Charles Surface, and John H. Barnes as Joseph Surface; recitation of Trowbridge's "Vagabonds," C. W. Couldock; the fourth act (quarrel scene) of "Julius Cæsar," Cassius, Lawrence Barrett; Brutus, John Malone; the third act of "The Rivals"-Bob Acres, Joseph Jefferson; Sir Lucius O'Trigger, James O'Neill; Captain Absolute, Kyrle Bellew; Mrs. Malaprop, Mrs. John Drew; Lydia Languish, Miss Annie Robe. When "Alabama was produced at the Madison Square Theater, New York, in 1894, Mr. Couldock was again before the public in a congenial character, that of Colonel Preston. On May 7, 1895, another testimonial benefit of $6,000 was given to him at the Broadway Theater, New York. On that occasion "The Rivals" was played, with Joseph Jefferson as Bob Acres, William H. Crane as Sir Anthony Absolute, Henry Miller as Captain Absolute, N. C. Goodwin as Sir Lucius O'Trigger, Thomas W. Keene as Falkland, De Wolfe Hopper as David, Mrs. John Drew as Mrs. Malaprop, Miss Viola Allen as Lydia, and Miss Nellie McHenry as Lucy. Mr. Couldock's last appearance on the stage was made at the Star Theater, New York, in the character of Dunstan Kirke on Sept. 10, 1898. His method was marked with great power of pathos and feeling. In his youth and middle age intensity and fire in the rendition of heroic and tragic rôles were quite as remarkable as the strong emotional qualities, but these qualities were necessarily mellowed and softened in the later years of his career by the fact of his great age.

Cox, James Farley, military officer, born in Locust Valley, Long Island, N. Y., Feb. 1, 1830; died in New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y., June 24, 1898. He took a partial collegiate course, and, after a brief service in a dry-goods house in New York city, entered the office of the Mercantile Marine Insurance Company, and made a special study of the adjustment of averages. In this line he soon became so expert that when twenty-five years old he was chosen vice-president of the Great Western Marine Insurance Company. Subsequently he originated and carried to success the system of individual underwriting in this country, and with the late Douglass Robinson, then his partner, created the United States Lloyds. He was one of the organizers of the 22d Regiment, N. G. S. N. Y., and served in it in every rank from private to colonel. In 1862 he served in the National army in Baltimore and at Harper's Ferry, and in 1863 took part in the memorable march to Harrisburg and Carlisle, following Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's retreating army, and returned

to New York in time to aid in defending it during the draft riots.

Cragin, Aaron H., lawyer, born in Weston, Vt., Feb. 3, 1821; died in Washington, D. C., May 10, 1898. He was admitted to the bar in Albany, N. Y., in 1847, and settled in Lebanon, N. H., the same year. In 1852 he was elected to the Legislature, where he served four continuous terms; in 1854 and 1856 he was elected to Congress on the American ticket; in 1859 was again elected to the Legislature; and in 1860 was a delegate to the National Republican Convention in Chicago. He was elected United States Senator, and took his seat in 1865, and was re-elected in 1870 for the term expiring March 3. 1877. During his last term he was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs and a member of the Committees on Territories and Railroads.

He

Cramer, Michael John, clergyman, born in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, Feb. 6, 1835; died in Carlisle, Pa., Jan. 23, 1898. He came to the United States with his father in 1845, learned the printer's trade in Cincinnati, and was graduated at the Ohio Wesleyan University in 1860. After a service of four years in the Methodist ministry in Cincinnati and Nashville he was appointed a chaplain in the regular army, where he remained till 1867, when President Johnson made him United States consul at Leipsic. During his residence there he attended lectures on theology and philosophy at the Universities of Leipsic and Berlin, and preached every Sunday at an American chapel service, which he organized in Leipsic. In 1870 he was appointed by President Grant, whose sister he had married, United States minister to Denmark; and in 1881 President Garfield transferred him to Switzerland. returned to the United States in the summer of 1885, having been elected Professor of Systematic Theology in Boston University. After a year there he resigned, removed to East Orange, Ñ. J., and occupied the chair of Church History at Drew Theological Seminary for a year. In the autumn of 1897 he was elected Professor of Philosophy at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., where he served until his death. He received the degree of D. D. from Syracuse University, and that of LL. D. from Ohio Wesleyan University. Dr. Cramer spoke five modern languages, and was an excellent Latin, Greek, and Hebrew scholar, and published a large number of essays of an exegetical and biblico-critical character. During his residence abroad he collected a working theological library of 5,000 volumes, many of them rare, which he announced he should bequeath to Ohio Wesleyan University.

Cruger, Stephen van Rensselaer, soldier, born in New York city, May 9, 1844; died in Bayville, N. Y., June 23, 1898. His great grandfather, John Cruger, was the first mayor of New York. His grandfather on his mother's side was Stephen van Rensselaer, of Albany. He was studying in Europe when the civil war began. He came home, and received a commission as 1st lieutenant in the 150th New York Regiment. He participated in the battle of Gettysburg in 1863, and for gallantry was promoted adjutant in August. His regiment joined Sherman's army, being assigned to the 20th Army Corps; and with it he took part in the Atlanta campaign. He was twice wounded at the battle of Resaca.

It was feared that he would never be fit for service again, and an honorable discharge was sent him, but in the course of three or four months he applied for restoration to his command, and, being recommissioned, joined his regiment in September, 1864, and took part in the "march to the sea." In the battle of Averysboro his horse was shot under him. Previous to the surrender of Johnston Adjutant Cruger was promoted to the rank of captain, and was appointed chief of ordnance of the 1st Division,

20th Corps, commanded by Gen. A. S. Williams, in which post he served till mustered out in June, 1865. He was brevetted major and lieutenant colonel "for gallant and meritorious conduct during the campaign through Georgia and the Carolinas." In 1870 he was commissioned major of the 12th Regiment, N. G. S. N. Y.; promoted lieutenant colonel in 1875; and colonel in 1877, remaining in command of the regiment till 1883. In 1867 he entered the realestate business, and some of the largest landed interests in New York city and its neighborhood were under his management. He was comptroller of Trinity Church corporation, and for a time senior warden of the church. In politics Mr. Cruger was a Republican, but he frequently opposed the leaders of his party, although he was a member of the Republican County Committee for years. In 1888 he was the candidate for Lieutenant Governor, but was defeated. He was a Park Commissioner under Mayor Strong, and for a time president of the Park Board. He was connected as director and trustee with many large corporations, and was trustee of the New York Public Library. He married Julie Grinnell, daughter of Thomas W. Storrow, of Boston, an author who writes under the pen name of Julien Gordon.

Crummell, Alexander, clergyman, born in New York city in 1819; died in Point Pleasant, N. J., Sept. 9, 1898. His father was a native of Africa, and young Crummell, after enjoying such meager educational facilities as were given to members of his race, in 1835 entered a school at Canaan, N. H., but the prejudice against the higher education of the negroes was so intense that he was not permitted to remain. Afterward he entered the Oneida Institute, remained there three years, and in 1839 applied for admission to the General Theological Seminary. His application caused bitter opposition and was refused. In 1848 he went to England and was graduated at Cambridge in 1853. Owing to his delicate health he then entered the missionary service and was located in Liberia twenty years, during which time he acted as principal of the Alexandria High School and president of the Liberia College. He went to Washington, D. C., in 1873 and founded St. Luke's Church, of which he was rector till 1895. In 1897 he organized in New York city the American Negro Academy. He published The English Language in Liberia " (1861); "The Future of Africa" (1862); "The Negro Race not under a Curse" (1863): The Greatness of Christ, and Other Sermons (1882); and "Africa and America" (1891).

Currier, Moody, lawyer, born in Boscawen, N. H., April 22, 1806; died in Manchester, N. H., Sept. 23, 1898. He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1834; became a teacher and editor; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Manchester in 1841. Though successful as a lawyer he gave up its practice to become cashier of the Amoskeag Bank in 1848, and in 1864 was elected president of the Amoskeag National Bank. Early in life he entered the Democratic party; was State Senator in 1843'44; became an ardent Republican in 1854; and in 1860-61 performed valuable service toward raising and equipping troops for the civil war. He was a presidential elector in 1876. He was unsuccessful as a candidate for Governor in 1882, but was elected to that office in 1884 by a three-fourths vote. Mr. Currier was a liberal friend of public libraries and churches, presenting more than 700 volumes to the library of Manchester and making gifts of money to colleges and academies. He acquired an intimate knowledge of the modern languages of Europe, and published for private circulation a volume containing translations from French, German, Italian, and Spanish. (See GIFTS AND BEQUESTS.)

Dahlgren, Madeleine Vinton, author, born in Gallipolis, Ohio, about 1835; died in Washington, D. C., May 28, 1898. She was a daughter of Samuel F. Vinton, a former member of Congress from Ohio. She first married, early in life, Daniel C. Goddard, of Zanesville, and, on being left a widow, married Rear-Admiral John A. Dahlgren in 1865. From her youth she was identified with the life of the national capital. Possessing large wealth, she maintained residences in Washington and South Mountain, Md. During the winter season she entertained with great liberality, and at South Mountain she was known as "Lady Bountiful." In 1859 she began publishing sketches and poems under the pen name of Corinne, and later she wrote under that of Cornelia. She was strongly opposed to the woman-suffrage movement, and for two years published a weekly paper against it, besides drawing up a petition to Congress, to which she obtained many signatures, asking that the elective franchise should not be extended to women. Mrs. Dahlgren was a founder and vice-president of the Literary Society of Washington, which met at her house for several years, and a former president of the Ladies' Catholic Missionary Society of Washington. She had a large estate at South Mountain which she maintained in mediæval style. She erected two churches, established schools and a library, gave a number of the brightest boys a complete college education, and personally taught music and the languages to classes of girls. Her publications include "Idealities" (Philadelphia, 1859): "Thoughts on Female Suffrage" (Washington, 1871); "South Sea Sketches" (Boston, 1881);Etiquette of Social Life in Washington" (Philadelphia, 1881); "South Mountain Magic" (1882); "A Washington Winter" and "Memoirs of John A. Dahlgren" (1882); "The Lost Name" and "Lights and Shadows of a Life (Boston, 1886); and translations from the FrenchMontalembert's "Pius IX" and De Chambrun's "Executive Power," the last with preface by James A. Garfield (Lancaster, 1874), and from the Spanish-Donoso Cortes's "Catholicism, Liberalism, and Socialism." For her various services to the Roman Catholic Church she several times received the thanks of Popes Pius IX and Leo XIII.

Dana, James Jensen, soldier, born in Waltham, Mass., April 9, 1821; died in Keene, N. H., Sept. 15, 1898. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy, June 18, 1855, and entered the army as 2d lieutenant in the 4th Artillery, was promoted 1st lieutenant, Jan. 10, 1857; captain in the quartermaster's department, Aug. 3, 1861; major, Jan. 18, 1867; lieutenant colonel in the department of the quartermaster general, Feb. 13, 1882; and was retired April 9, 1885. In the volunteer service he was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the quartermaster's department, Jan. 1, 1863; promoted colonel, Aug. 2, 1864; and brevetted brigadier general, March 13, 1865. After the civil war he served in New Mexico, Arizona, and Nebraska till his retirement.

Davenport, Fanny Lily Gipsy, actress, born in London, England, April 10, 1850; died in Duxbury, Mass., Sept. 26, 1898. She was the eldest child of Edward L. Davenport and Fanny Vining Davenport, well-known players. She made her first appearance on the stage as a child, Feb. 23, 1857, at the Chambers Street Theater, New York city (formerly Burton's), which was then under her father's management. She was named in the bill of the night as Miss Fanny, and sang a verse from "The Star-Spangled Banner." While E. L. Davenport was the manager of the Howard Athenæum, Boston, she again played a child's part, in John Brougham's burlesque of Metamora," Aug. 12, 1857. Her first speaking part was King Charles I in the comedy

"Faint Heart ne'er Won Fair Lady," at Niblo's Garden, New York city, Feb. 14, 1862. She was then engaged for the stock company of Macauley's Theater, Louisville, Ky., where she made her first appearance in a leading part as Arline in "The Black Crook." While in this theater she first played Nancy Sikes in the dramatization of "Oliver Twist," and gave evidence of the tragic power for which she subsequently became famous. Leaving Louisville, she went to Mrs. John Drew's Arch Street Theater, Philadelphia, where she occupied the position of soubrette. While playing with Mrs. Drew she attracted the attention of Augustin Daly, who engaged her for his theater, the Fifth Avenue, in New York city. She made an immediate success as Lady Gay Spanker in "London Assurance." Her father was the Sir Harcourt Courtley. She was the principal attraction at the Fifth Avenue Theater from 1869 to 1873, and played a long line of exacting parts. She then became a "star," and for several years traveled throughout the United States with great success, playing Shakesperean heroines principally. In 1882 she went to London and began an engagement at Toole's Theater in an Engfish version of "Diane de Lys." While abroad she made the acquaintance of Victorien Sardou, and obtained from him the American rights for his play of "Fedora," which was then being played by Sarah Bernhardt in Paris. She produced" Fedora for the first time in the United States at the Fourteenth Street Theater, New York city, Oct. 1, 1883, and this occasion was the beginning of a series of triumphs for her in the works of the French dramatist. She produced in succession and with great financial and artistic results "La Tosca," "Cleopatra," and "Gismonda." She married, July 30, 1879, at her mother's home in Canton, Pa., Edwin F. Price, an actor. On June 8, 1888, she was divorced from Mr. Price, and on May 19, 1889, she married Willet Melbourne MacDowell, also an actor, who was playing in her supporting company as her leading man. She continued the arduous work of her profession, traveling everywhere in the United States and Canada up to the moment of the illness that caused her death. In October, 1897, she produced in Boston an elaborate and expensive rendering of "The Soldier of France," an English adaptation of "Jeanne d'Arc." The venture was a failure and occasioned Miss Davenport much regret and anxiety. She finally succumbed to a perilous impairment of the action of the heart, and was obliged suddenly to close her dramatic season at Chicago, March 25, 1898, her last appearance on the stage having been the night before at the Grand Opera House in that city.

Davis, Margaret Ellen O'Brien, author, born in Montgomery, Ala., Nov. 19, 1870; died in Birmingham, Ala., April 1, 1898. She was the daughter of Frank P. O'Brien, journalist and artist, and was educated in Loretto Convent, Marion County, Ky. After being graduated she returned home and began writing poems, short stories, and book reviews for the "Daily Herald." Her work attracted favorable attention, particularly through the South, and led to a contributing connection with several periodicals. The publication of "Judith, the Daughter of Judas" (Philadelphia, 1889), a novel, proved a success. During the time her father controlled the "Age-Herald," of Birmingham, she aided him