1. For all excavation of or foundation in rock, including disposing of materials in spoil-banks, the sum of

2. For all earthwork, the sum of

per cubic feet in excavation.

per cubic yard in excavation.

3. For soiling top and outer slope, the sum of

- per cubic yard, in place.

4. For concrete masonry laid as required, including the furnishing of all materials, the sum of

per cubic yard.

5. For all brick masonry laid in hydraulic cement, including all materials and tools, the sum of

per cubic yard.

6. For hauling and setting in place all pipes, gates, and other fixtures for the screen and gate-chamber, the sum of

7. For all riprap on the water-slope, the sum of

per cubic yard.

8. For all stone masonry of the gate-chamber, laid in hydraulic cement, as specified, including all material, the sum of

per cubic yard.

9. For the core wall laid in hydraulic cement, as specified, including the furnishing of all tools, forms, and materials, the sum of

per cubic yard.

10. For all windows, doors, and other woodwork, and putting the same in place, the sum of

II. For furnishing and securing in place all wrought-iron work, the sum of per pound.

12. For clearing and grubbing the sites for embankments, the sum of per cubic yard.

per square yard.

13. For all paving, the sum of And it is further agreed by the parties that the engineer of the Rochester Aqueduct and Water Company shall make monthly estimates of the work as it progresses, and payments for the same shall be made of eighty per cent only of the amount of such monthly estimates.

And the said party of the second part hereby further agree that shall not be entitled to demand or receive payment of any portion of said work or material except in the manner set forth in this agreement, and until each and all the stipulations herein before mentioned are complied with, and the engineer shall have given the certificate to that effect, whereupon the party of the first part will, at the expiration of forty days after the completion and delivery of such certificate, pay and hereby binds itself to pay to said party of the second part under this contract, excepting such sum or sums as may be lawfully retained under any of the provisions of this contract herein before set forth; provided, that there is nothing herein contained to affect the right hereby reserved by the said Rochester Aqueduct and Water Company to reject the whole or any portion of said work, should said certificate be found or known to be inconsistent with the terms of this agreement, or otherwise improperly given.

In witness whereof, the said Rochester Aqueduct and Water Company has caused its seal to be affixed, and these presents to be signed by

the thereunto duly authorized, and the said hahands and seals the day and year first above written.

hereunto set

Signed and sealed in the presence of

TYPHOID FEVER

IN AN UNSANITARY LOCALITY IN FRANKLIN, N. H.

BY C. B. NICHOLS, M. D.

For the benefit of those who believe in the germ theory of typhoid fever, and for the study of those who do not, I wish to present the history of an epidemic of typhoid fever, which occurred in Franklin during the months of August, September, and October, 1885. The accompanying plate, showing a large portion of the area embraced by the epidemic, is inserted, believing that a sanitary description of this locality will go far toward proving the existence of a contagium vivium as a direct cause of the epidemic, and by so doing encourage the members of the medical profession throughout the state to bring their influence to bear upon the town authorities of their respective localities, to introduce a proper system of drainage and a sufficient quantity of sanitary water. It is a conceded fact that foulness of any kind, whether in air, water, or food, is a promoter of typhoid fever. Every physician is familiar with the oft-repeated history given by Dr. Flint in regard to the epidemic in the town of New Boston, New York.

The history of the epidemic in Franklin points in no uncertain manner, and in no less direct way, toward the unsanitary condition of this locality as being the exciting cause of this epidemic, than does that of Dr. Flint toward the well in New Boston.

This locality embraces what was formerly known as the "Flat," being originally an old alder swamp, receiving the drainage from the sidehill, which rises to the height of about 100 feet, the rise

v-Cesspool. o-Well. x-Privy. a-Locality of house shown in Plate I. b-Plate 2, house faces Franklin street. c-Plate 3, house faces Franklin street. d-Plate 4, house faces Elkins street. e-Plate 5, corners of Franklin and Winnipesaukee streets. f-Plate 6, three houses on southeast corner of Franklin and Winnipesaukee streets. g-Plate 7, house faces Franklin street. Three cases of typhoid fever, I of erysipelas, 3 of scarlet fever.

h

beginning parallel to the east side of Franklin street, which runs nearly north and south. This sidehill is filled with springs which furnish quite a steady supply of water with which to keep the low land wet most of the year. In past years, the place has been the receptacle for all sorts of filth, waste, and

refuse

High St.

5291

matter; but as it became settled, many of the lower places have been filled in and graded up. On each side of the streets which run east-Russell, High, and Winnipesaukee-is a surface ditch, which, in reality, is the sewer, receiving the drainage from privies, pig-pens, hen-pens, cellars, and overflowing cesspools,

which, in a majority of cases, are never cleaned out. This is carried down the three principal streets on the sidehill to the ditches of the same kind on Franklin street, thence carried along and spread out in the front and back yards of the houses on the "Flat." The soil, which is sand and loam in most of the localities, is very loose, and has furnished the very best material for

11.16

-Sectional View

becoming impregnated with all the foulness which has been flowing down these surface drains in the years past.

The accompanying plates show some of the worst places, also the houses where most of the typhoid fever occurred.

In

Plate 1* represents the house where the epidemic started. Figure 1, as seen, the privy is in the rear of the house, on the surface of the ground, and has no vault. The well is in the cel. lar, about twenty-five feet from and much lower than the privy. It has been the custom to throw all sorts of house slops out the back door. The soil is very sandy, and it can readily be seen how it is possible for the well to become infected with disease germs. For a long time before the fever appeared in the house the water was unfit to use, being obnoxious to both taste and smell. The following is an analysis of the water taken from the well the April following, together with the expert's opinion: