LIST OF TABLES. PUBLIC SCHOOL PUPILS-GENERAL INVESTIGATION. Page. TABLE 1. Grade and age-Number of pupils of each age in each grade, by sex. 483, 484 2. Race, sex, and grade-Number of pupils of each sex in each grade, by general nativity and race of father of pupil... 485, 486 3. Race, sex, and age, by grade-Number of pupils of each age in each 4. Race and grade, by age-Number of pupils of each specified age in each grade, by general nativity and race of father of pupil..... 499-507 5. Race distribution in each grade-Percentages. 508 508 PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS IN ELEMENTARY GRADES AND KINDERGARTEN. TABLE 1. Number of teachers in each grade, by sex and general nativity and 509 race... 2. Number of teachers engaged in teaching each specified number of 510 PAROCHIAL SCHOOL PUPILS-GENERAL INVESTIGATION. TABLE 1. Grade and age-Number of pupils of each age in each grade, by sex.. 2. Race, sex, and grade-Number of pupils of each sex in each grade, by general nativity and race of father of pupil.... 511 512 3. Race, sex, and age, by grade-Number of pupils of each age in each grade, by sex and by general nativity and race of father of pupil. 1512-516 4. Race distribution in each grade-Percentages. 516 516 SHENANDOAH. The investigations of the Immigration Commission in the city of Shenandoah, Pa., concerned the pupils in the public schools, the teachers in those schools, and the pupils in the parochial schools. Information was collected by means of the grade record sheets which contained a summary prepared by each room teacher for each grade, showing the grade, sex, age, and race of the pupil. The method by which these sheets were tabulated is fully explained in the introduction where an account will be found of the general tables which resulted from the inquiry, together with some discussion of the purpose which those tables serve. PUPILS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Information was collected for the Immigration Commission concerning 3,519 pupils in the public schools of Shenandoah, who were distributed by grades as shown in the following summary: There is a marked difference between the first grade and the second, a feature not infrequent in the school statistics of American cities. The second and third grades are approximately equal and the fourth grade is not much smaller. With the fifth grade there is a marked diminution in numbers, which continues through the successive grades until in the eighth grade the number of pupils is about one-sixth what it was in the second grade. The tapering off of the grades as they advance find a striking expression in the following table which contrasts the grades 1 to 4, which are designated as primary, with grades 5 to 8 designated as grammar grades. This grouping of the pupils by grades shows that three-fourths of them are in the primary grades. Table 1 gives information in regard to the ages of pupils, as well as to the grades. It shows that at the age of 6 years there are 417 pupils, a number which increases to a maximum of 464 at 8 years of age. After 8 years of age the number somewhat declines, and at the age of 12 years there are only 370 pupils, at the age of 13 years 303, and at the age of 14 years 177. This table, which shows the number of pupils of each age in each grade, shows a considerable diversity, inasmuch as the pupils of any given grade are distributed among various ages and those of any given age are distributed among various grades. A short expression of the complex facts of this table is found by adopting the accepted idea that there is for each grade an appropriate age. This enables us to divide the pupils of each grade into two groups-those who are of the proper ages and those who are older. The latter, or overage, pupils can be designated as retarded. In like manner there is for each age an appropriate grade, and the pupils of each age can there fore be divided into two groups-those who have reached the grade appropriate to their age and those who have not done so. The latter, or undergrade, pupils give us another expression of retardation. The following table shows in each grade the number of overage pupils in the schools of Shenandoah: This table shows that in the schools as a whole 45.1 per cent of the pupils are in the retarded class. The number and percentage is comparatively large even in the first grade, where nearly one-fourth of the pupils are retarded. Both the number and proportion of the retarded pupils grow as the grades advance until it reaches a maximum in the fourth grade. At this point more than two-thirds of the pupils in the schools, 68.1 per cent, are retarded. In the upper grades, with a diminution in the whole number of pupils, there is a more rapid diminution of the retarded pupils and hence a decrease in the proportion. The foregoing table affords an illustration of the calculation of retardation by means of computing the overage pupils. If the pupils who are undergrade for their ages be considered, the calculation can not be so general. It must be confined to pupils of the ages who |