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gers which menaced the reign of the Bourbons, that their troops might not be withdrawn from France, but a change made in the French ministry. This note, the giving of which was, according to the French laws, treasonable, caused so much dissatisfaction, that Châteaubriand, in his Remarques sur les Affairs du Moment, denies having had any thing to do with it. That party had in view to form a new ministry, of which Villèle, Châteaubriand, Donadieu, and others, were to be members. All examination into this business was, however, prevented, and the generals Canuel, Chapdelaine, with H. H. Joannis, Romilly, De Sorgis, &c., who had been already arrested as accomplices, were released August 19, 1818, from the secret prison (secret). By the ordinance, July 24, however, the baron Vitrolles was struck off the list of ministers of state and members of the privy council of the king. But Louis allowed what was called the theocratic party, in union with the friends to old privileges, to gain, continually, more influence in the internal management of the kingdom. This was shown by the prosecutions against the writers, who complained of abuses in the public administration, and, especially, of the measures of the secret police, by which those who were suspected of being political enemies were enticed to manifest their feelings by deeds. An instance of this kind was the punishment of the deputy Köchlin. By the change in the law of elections, in June, 1820, the system of the strict royalists was triumphant; Villèle (q. v.) was placed at the head of the ministry. But the strength of the king, who had, for several years, been unable to walk, now entirely failed him. His last triumph was the campaign in Spain in 1823. In August, 1824, it became evident that his disease was mortal. Until the day of his death, September 16, 1824, he gave proofs of firmness and resignation. "Un roi doit mourir," said he, quaintly, "mais ne doit jamais être malade." Louis XVIII possessed much intellectual cultivation and sagacity, but, enfeebled by disease, he had not sufficient strength of character to restrain the ultras, nor did he understand new France. He had one remarkable maxim-L'exactitude est la politesse des rois.

LOUIS III (called, in German history, the Child), born in 893, succeeded his father, the emperor Arnulph, when six years old. In his minority, archbishop Hatto, of Mentz, administered the government, and carried the monarch about

with him, wherever the affairs of the empire required the presence of the regent. During the course of his reign, Germany was desolated by the Hungarians, and torn asunder by civil discord. He assumed the imperial title in 908, but was never crowned." He died in 911 or 912, and with him ended the royal line of Charlemagne.

LOUIS IV, the Bavarian, emperor of Germany, son of Louis the Severe, duke of Bavaria, was born in 1286. On the death of Henry VII (q. v.), five electors were in favor of Louis, while the others supported Frederic, duke of Austria. The two rivals being both crowned, a war ensued, and Frederic was made prisoner, in the battle of Mühldorf, in 1322. (See Bavaria; and Germany, History of.) In 1315, Louis had expelled his brother, Rodolph, who opposed his election, from the Palatinate, but, after the death of the latter, had formed a convention with his sons, by virtue of which their patrimony was restored to them, and the electoral dignity was to belong alternately to Bavaria and the Palatinate. The vacant Mark of Brandenburg he conferred, in 1322, on his eldest son. In his disputes with pope John XXII, against whom he was joined by the Visconti party in Italy, he maintained the dignity of the German crown, and set up the antipope Nicholas V. In 1346, Clement VI excommunicated him, and succeeded in causing five electors to set Charles of Luxembourg, king of Bohemia, on the imperial throne. In the midst of this dispute, Louis died (1347). (See Mannert's Louis IV, or the Bavarian, in German, 1812.)

LOUIS BONAPARTE. (See Appendix, end of this volume.)

LOUIS-PHILIP I, elected, Aug. 7, 1830, king of the French,known previously under the title of the duke of Orleans, eldest son of Louis-Philip, duke of Orleans (Égalité), and of Marie-Adelaide de Bourbon Penthièvre, grand-daughter of a natural son of Louis XIV by madame Montespan, was born at Paris, Oct. 6, 1773. The line of Bourbon-Orleans (see Bourbon) was founded by Philip, brother of Louis XIV, who conferred on him the duchy of Orléans. Philip II, his son, was the well known regent of France, whose grandson was LouisPhilip, father of the subject of this article. (See Orleans.) The wife of king LouisPhilip is Mary-Amelia, daughter of Ferdinand IV, king of the Two Sicilies. (The royal family is given in the article France, division Statistics.) Louis bore, at first, the title of duke of Valois, and, when his

father became duke of Orleans, that of duke of Chartres. At the age of five years, he was placed under the care of the chevalier De Bonnard; but, in 1782, the direction of his education was intrusted to the countess De Genlis. In 1791, a decree of the constituent assembly having required the proprietary colonels to quit the military career, or to take the effective command of their regiments, the duke of Chartres, who was ambitious of the honor of serving his country, placed himself at the head of the 14th regiment of dragoons, which bore his name, and was then in garrison at Vendôme. Here he succeeded in saving, by his courage and presence of mind, a nonjuring clergyman, on the point of being massacred by the populace, which accused him of having treated with contempt a procession conducted by a constitutional clergyman. He shortly after gave a new proof of his humanity by saving an engineer from drowning. The city of Vendôme decreed him, on account of these honorable actions, a civic crown. In August, 1791, he quitted Vendôme, with his regiment, to go to Valenciennes, where he passed the winter, fulfilling the duties of the oldest colonel of the garrison. In 1792, when Louis XVI had declared war against Austria, the duke of Chartres made his first campaign. In 1792, Dumouriez succeeded Lafayette in the command of his division of the army. Sept. 11, 1792, the duke of Chartres was appointed lieutenant-general, and was called to take the command of Strasburg. "I am too young," said he, "to shut myself up in a town, and prefer to remain active in the army." He did not go to Strasburg, and Kellermann, whose army was reinforced by a division of the army of the Rhine, confided to him the command of his second line, composed of 12 battalions of infantry and 6 squadrons of cavalry. At the head of this second line, he fought at Valmy, Sept. 20, 1792, and displayed great bravery and judgment. The 26th of the same month, the executive council appointed the duke of Chartres to the second command in the new-levied troops, who were to be united by Labourdonnaye at Douay. But the duke declined this appointment, and went to Paris to ask permission to remain in the line, and in Kellermann's army; but, as he had been already superseded there, it was proposed to him to pass into that of general Dumouriez, who was going to Flanders, to attempt the invasion of Belgium, and he accepted the offer. Nov. 6, the French,

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under Dumouriez, gained the celebrated battle of Jemappes (q. v.), in which the duke of Chartres distinguished himself. The duke was at Tournay when the convention passed a decree of banishment against all the members of the Bourbon family who were in France. He was desirous that his father, and all the family, should join him in emigrating to the U. States; but his distance from Paris delayed the arrangements, and the decree was revoked before they were finished. In February, 1793, the duke was recalled to the army, and employed at the siege of Maestricht, under the orders of general Miranda. Shortly after this, the duke, who had manifested, with more frankness than prudence, his horror at the revolutionary excesses in France, saw a decree of arrest levelled against himself. He then resolved to quit the army and his country. He went to Mons, where he was kindly received by the archduke Charles, who offered him the commission of lieutenant-general in the Austrian army. This, however, he declined, and obtained passports for Switzerland. He went from Mons to Switzerland, in April, 1793, with Cæsar Ducrest, his aid, having but a small supply of money; crossed, as a fugitive, the same countries through which he had passed, a short time before, as a conqueror with the French army, and learned, from a newspaper, the arrest of all his family. He arrived at Basle in September, and there waited for his sister, who had just arrived at Schaffhausen, with madame de Genlis and the count Montjoye. In order to join them, he quitted Basle, and attempted, in vain, to fix himself at Zurich or Zug. He was every where repulsed, and received notice that no part of Switzerland was safe for him. In this sad situation, he was anxious to find a retreat for his sister; and count Montjoye applied to general Montesquiou, who, having fallen under the accusation of the constitutional assembly, while he commanded the army of the Alps, had taken refuge in Switzerland, and lived in retirement at Bremgarten, under the name of chevalier Rionel. This gentleman took an interest in their situation, and succeeded, not without difiiculty, in getting admission for mlle d'Orleans, and even madame de Genlis, into a convent in Bremgarten. To the duke of Chartres he could only say, that there was nothing for him to do but to wander in the mountains, taking care to stay but a short time in any one place, until circumstances should become more favorable. The duke of Chartres, satisfied with having

placed his sister in security, followed this judicious advice. Alone and on foot, almost without money, he began his travels in the interior of Switzerland and the Alps. Every where he was seen contending with courage against fatigue and poverty. But his resources were entirely exhausted, and, being recalled to Bremgarten by a letter from M. Montesquiou, he obtained, through the interference of that gentleman, the situation of professor at the college of Reichenau. He was examined by the officers of this institution under a feigned name, and unanimously admitted. Here he taught geography, history, the French and English languages, and mathematics, for eight months, without having been discovered. The simplicity of his manners prevented any suspicion being entertained of his elevated rank, and he was able to conciliate the esteem of the government, and the gratitude of his pupils. It was at this place that he learned the tragical end of his unfortunate father. Some political movements taking place in the Grisons, mademoiselle d'Orléans quitted the convent at Bremgarten, and joined her aunt, the princess of Conti. M. Montesquiou thought that he might now give an asylum to the prince, of whom his enemies had for some time lost all trace. The duke received the most honorable testimonials in quitting Reichenau, and retired to Bremgarten. Here he remained, under the name of Corby, until the end of 1794, when he thought proper to quit Switzerland, his retreat there being no longer a secret. In the state in which Europe then was, there was no country where the duke of Orleans (for this was now the title of the subject of this article) could be safe from the indefatigable persecution of which he was the object. He resolved to go to America; and Hamburg appeared to him the best place for his embarkation. He arrived in that city in 1795. Here his expectation of funds failed him, and he could not collect sufficient pecuniary means to reach the United States; but, being tired of a state of inactivity, and provided with a letter of credit for a small sum on a Copenhagen banker, he resolved to visit the north of Europe. This banker succeeded in obtaining passports for him from the king of Denmark, not as the duke of Orleans, but as a Swiss traveller, by means of which he was able to travel in safety. He travelled through Norway and Sweden, seeing every thing worthy of curi

osity in the way; journeyed on foot with the Laplanders, along the mountains, to the gulf of Tys, and reached the North Cape August 24, 1795. After staying a few days in this region, at eighteen degrees from the pole, he returned through Lapland to Torneo, at the extremity of the gulf of Bothnia. From Torneo he went to Abo, and traversed Finland; but he did not visit Russia, where Catharine then reigned. He next visited Stockholm, where he was discovered by the French minister in Sweden, and introduced to the king and the duke of Sudermania, who treated him with distinction, and offered him every facility for seeing all he desired in the kingdom. After this northern tour, the position of the duke of Orleans, in a political and pecuniary point of view, did not improve. Emissaries from different parties sought the prince, bringing him different propositions. Some of them were desirous of drawing him into foreign camps; while the agents of the executive directory, to which he had become an object of suspicion, wished to persuade him to leave Europe. In the month of August, 1796, he received a letter from his mother, the duchess of Orleans. She begged him, in the most touching manner, in her own name, and for the interest of her other children, detained at Marseilles, to quit Europe for America. He sailed from the Elbe, on board the American ship America, in September, 1796, and, in October, he arrived in Philadelphia. The passage of his two brothers, the duke of Montpensier and count Beaujolais, was not so fortunate. It was not until February, 1797, that they reached America, and joined their brother. They brought him more hopes than resources. The duke of Orleans proposed to them to travel in the interior of the United States. They set out on horseback, accompanied by a single servant, named Beaudouin, who had followed the duke of Orleans to St. Gothard. They went to Baltimore, and thence into Virginia, where they saw general Washington at Mount Vernon, who, before the expiration of his presidency, had invited them to visit him. After travelling through the south, they visited the falls of Niagara, and, in the month of July, 1797, they returned to Philadelphia, at the time the yellow fever raged in that city. These three princes, who had been born to the highest fortune, could not quit this dangerous residence for want of money. It was not until September, that their moth

er, having recovered possession of her property, supplied them with means for a new journey. They went first to New York, and then visited Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine. On their return to Boston, the newspapers informed them of the banishment of their mother. They then went immediately to Philadelphia, intending to join their mother in Spain, whither they were informed that she had been transported. But the want of funds, and the war between Spain and England, opposed their desires. There seemed but one course left, namely, to go to Louisiana, and thence to Havana. They left Philadelphia in December, 1797, and went down the Ohio and the Mississippi, to New Orleans, where they were kindly received. They staid in this city five weeks, waiting for a Spanish vessel; but, being disappointed, they embarked in an American ship, which was taken, on the voyage, by an English frigate. The duke of Orleans discovered himself to the captain, who landed him with his brothers at Havana, the 11th of March. They attempted in vain to get a passage to Europe. Notwithstanding their regret at being obliged to live out of France, they would have been contented in obscurity, if they could have obtained the means of an honorable subsistence. Their reception by the Spanish authorities, and the inhabitants of Havana, gave them some hopes; but the court of Madrid disappointed them, by forcing them to quit the island of Cuba. An order was issued at Aranjuez, directing the captain-general of Havana to send the three brothers to New Orleans, without providing them with any means of support. The brothers refused to go to the place designated, but went to the English Bahamas, where they were kindly received by the duke of Kent, who, however, did not feel authorized to give them a passage to England in a British frigate. They were not discouraged, but sailed in a small vessel to New York, whence an English packet carried them to Falmouth, and they arrived in London in February, 1800. The duke still desired most earnestly to see his mother, and the English government allowed him to take passage to Minorca in a frigate. The war between Spain and England threw many obstacles in the way of the interview between the duke and his mother, and he was obliged to return to England without seeing her. He then

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established himself, with his brothers, at Twickenham, in England. The duke visited every thing curious in Great Britain, and studied, with great zeal, the political economy and the laws of the country. The duke of Montpensier died in the year 1807. Count Beaujolais was in feeble health, and was ordered by the English physicians to visit a warmer climate. The duke accompanied him to Malta; from thence to Sicily; but, before their arrival at the latter place, the young prince died. After many adventures, the duke met his mother at Mahon, from whom he had been separated sixteen years. In November, 1809, he was married, at Palermo, to the princess Amelia, daughter of the king of Sicily. After the fall of Napoleon, he returned to Paris, and enjoyed the happiness of finding himself in a country which had not forgotten his former services. On the return of Napoleon, in 1815, he sent his family to England, and was ordered by the king to take command of the department of the North. He remained in this situation until the 24th of March, 1815, when he gave up the command to the duke of Treviso, and went to join his family in England, where he again fixed his residence at Twickenham. On the return of Louis XVIII, after the hundred days, an ordinance was issued, authorizing, according to the charter, as it then stood, all the princes of the blood to take their seats in the chamber of peers; and the duke returned to France, in September, 1815, for the purpose of being present at the session. Here he distinguished himself by a display of liberal sentiments, which were so little agreeable to the administration, that he retired again to England, where he remained till 1817. He was not again summoned to sit in the chamber, on his return, and remained, therefore, in private life, in which he displayed all the virtues of a good father, a good husband, and a good citizen. In 1824, he received the title of royal highness. His son, the duke of Chartres (now duke of Orleans), was educated, like his ancestor, Henry IV, in the public institutions of the country, and distinguished himself by his success in his studies. The family of the duke was ever a model of union, good morals, and domestic virtues. Personally simple in his tastes, order and economy were combined with a magnificence becoming his rank and wealth. The protector of the fine arts, and the patr of letters, his superb palace, and his delightful seat at Neuilly, were

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ornamented with the productions of the former, and frequented by the distinguished scholars of the age. After the events of July, 1830 (see France, since 1814), the deputies present, 89 in number, invited the duke to assume the executive power, under the title of lieutenant-general of the kingdom. During the three days, he had remained at his country seat, at Neuilly, and had even kept himself concealed, so that confidential messengers, sent to him on Wednesday and Thursday, had been unable to find him. But, after the combat was over, feeling that the throne was now vacant, he accepted the invitation of the deputies, to become lieutenant-general of the kingdom, and, on Saturday, issued a proclamation in that capacity. The session of the chambers was opened, Aug. 3, by the lieutenant-general, who communicated to them the abdication of Charles X and his son. Aug. 6 and 7, the chamber of deputies declared the throne vacant, and invited the duke of Orleans to assume the title of king of the French, under certain conditions, which he accepted, and, on the 9th, took the oath to the new charter. Thus, in a fortnight from the issuing of the ordinances, the old dynasty was overthrown, and a new one established, on republican principles. The king immediately proceeded to name his cabinet, from the moderate liberal party. Guizot, Louis, Molé, the duke de Broglie, Gerard and Sebastiani, were the new heads of the different departments, and numerous changes were made in the officers of the government, to establish a harmony between the agents of power and the new system. In the administrative branch, out of 86 prefects, 76 were removed; 196 subprefects, out of 277: in the military, 65 general officers, out of 75, were changed; 65 colonels removed, and nearly all the governors of fortresses: in the legal, 74 procureurs were dismissed. The foreign relations of the new dynasty next required attention: special missions were sent to the different courts of Europe, and were favorably received by all except Russia. Security against foreign invasion, and the preservation of domestic tranquillity, were provided for by the organization of the national guard, and the increase of the army. (For the trial of the ministers, the riots attending it, and farther details on the history of France, see Appendix to the concluding volume of this work.) Peyronnet (q. v.), Chantelauze, Guernon de Ranville and Polignac (q. v.), were sentenced to imprisonment for life, with the additional penalty of civil death, in the

case of Polignac. Nov. 3, the ministry was changed, and Laffitte became president of the council and minister of finance, who was succeeded in this post by Casimir-Perrier (see Perrier), March 14, 1831.

LOUIS, the baron, formerly more known as the abbé Louis, a French statesman, was born at Toul, in 1755, and, at the outbreak of the revolution, was connected with the parliament of Paris. He showed himself favorable to the new principles, and, in 1790, assisted the bishop of Autun (Talleyrand) in celebrating mass on the Champ de Mars. On the overthrow of royalty, he retired to England, where he remained until the revolution of the 18th Brumaire. During the imperial government, he held several inferior posts in the departments of war and finance, and, in 1814, was made minister of finance by Louis XVIII, whom he followed to Ghent. After the second restoration, he was a member of the chamber of deputies, until 1818, when he was again placed at the head of the financial department, from which he retired in 1819, in consequence of the arbitrary tendency of the ministerial policy at that time. After this retirement, he voted, in the chamber of the deputies, with the liberal side of the house (côté gauche). M. Louis was the first minister of finance under the new government, in 1830, but was succeeded (Nov. 3) by Laffitte. (q. v.) M. Louis is largely engaged in the wine trade, and has accumulated a large fortune by successful commercial operations. Of a cool temperament, his moderation has never permitted him to join in the extremes of any party; but his honesty, information and good sense seem to have acquired the esteem and confidence of all.

LOUIS, ST.; the chief town of Missouri, on the west bank of the Mississippi, 18 miles, by water, below the junction of the Missouri, and 14 above that of the Maramec, 30 below that of the Illinois, 200 above that of the Ohio, 1180 above New Orleans, about 1100 below the falls of St. Anthony, 897 from Washington; lon. 89° 36 W.; lat. 38° 36 N.: population, in 1810, 1600; in 1820, 4598; in 1830, 5852. The situation of the town is elevated, pleasant and healthy. The ground on which it stands rises gradually from the first to the second bank. Three streets run parallel with the river, and are intersected by a number of others at right angles. The town extends along the river about two miles. The second bank is about 40 feet higher than the plain on