Imágenes de páginas
PDF
EPUB

2. (a) From the field notes on page 21 lay down the survey lines and plot the details to a scale of (Ordnance).

2500

(b) Ascertain by scaling and record the lengths of the tie or check lines, BX and DY.'

3. (a) Plot the section from the reduced levels given on page 3.' Horizontal scale, 2 chains to an inch, and vertical scale, 20 feet to an inch.

(b) Using the levels found by "checking back," given on page 3,' ascertain the "error" in the set of levels.

4. Set out the field marked A on page 4' in allotments, and in a similar manner to that shown in the sketch.

Each allotment to have an area of 40 poles, except Nos. 5, 6, 24, and 25. Find by scaling the area of these four allotments which adjoin the side o P. 5. A ditch is required to be dug, the length of which is 16 chains 20 yards. For two-thirds of the length the slope of the sides is 1 to 1, and for the remainder 1 horizontal to 14 vertical. Depth of ditch 3 feet inches; width

at bottom, 1 foot.

(a) Find the number of cubic yards to be moved, and,

(b) Cost of same at 10d. per cubic yard.

6. A field containing 7 acres 3 roods 32 poles 22 yards was purchased for building purposes for 2,500l.

The field in shape is a rectangle, the two longer sides each measuring 660 feet.

Two parallel roads are required which run the whole length of the field, and two parallel cross roads at right angles to the longer ones. Width of roads, 40 feet.

Make a sketch of the field, and assuming the cost of the road-making and development to be 1,500l., give the profit which would be made if the available land were sold in plots at 6d. per square foot.

7. Put the necessary construction and check lines which would enable you to make a correct survey of the dense wood drawn on page 4,' assuming you have only a chain, optical square and offset rod.

8. (a) Make a sketch showing dimensions and find the area (nearest pole only) of the following figure:

A B, 828 links, B C, 410 links, C D, 854 links, and D A, 630 links.

BC and AD are at right angles to A B-the figure is not to be plotted, the area being found by calculation only.

(b) Find the area of a circular pond, the perimeter of which is 176 yards. 9. A base line in a survey crosses a wide river at an angle of 45 degrees. Plot the lines you would use to ascertain the length between two points on the base line, one each side of the river.

10. (a) The area of a field on a map, the scale of which is 2 chains to an inch, is found by using a scale of 1 chain to the inch to be 12 acres 3 roods. What is the true area? Explain your answer by a small diagram or short explanation.

(b) What area would have been arrived at if a scale of 3 chains to the inch had been used instead of 1 chain to the inch?

2500

11. (a) The parish scale, 25:344 inches to a mile, is sometimes denoted by

What is the meaning of this? and show that the two are identical.

(b) What is the actual length of a line on the ground which is represented by 1 inches on this scale of Ordnance map?

(c) A field on the Ordnance map is stated to contain 32.881 acres.

Convert this into acres, roods, and perches.

12. Explain briefly the method to be adopted in using a theodolite :

(a) To map a ride in a wood which has many curves.

(b) To set out a long base line in a hilly country.

Not here reproduced.

EXAMINATION IN GEOLOGY.

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MARKS, 100. PASS NUMBER, 50.

(Time allowed, three hours.)

Not more than EIGHT of the following questions are to be answered, of which No. 12 must be one.

1. Enumerate twelve of the Elementary Substances that more especially enter into the composition of Minerals, and mention some of the Rocks of which they are severally important constituents.

2. Make a Table of either (1) the Secondary; or (2) The Tertiary Strata of England. Explain the meaning of the names you use; and enumerate some of the chief Fossils of the Formations you mention.

3. Enumerate some of the chief Fossils of the Upper Silurian and Permian Formations; and refer them to their Natural Orders.

4. How do you calculate the depth of inclined strata below the surface at a distance from the outcrop? Give both diagrams and formula.

5. Draw the section of a hill, one slope of which cuts the outcrops of alternate beds of clay and sand at a low angle; and explain how the natural drainage would affect (1) the fields occupying the hillside; (2) a road passing up the hill; and (3) a deep cutting along that road, made for laying Large Pipes to a Town at the foot of the hill.

6. Write a concise account of the different kinds of Soil. Of what are they composed? How did they originate? Where are they respectively met with? What is their relative agricultural value?

7. What was the nature and origin of the Mineral Manure which was known as "coprolite"? Where was it procured? What are other well-known kinds of Mineral Manure?

8. Enumerate the different Stony Materials most commonly used for making and mending Roads? Where are they got? Give your reasons for regarding some as better than others.

9. Give some account of the various kinds of Fossil Fuel; especially as to how they have originated, and where they are found.

10. Write a brief account of the Geology and Physical Geography of any one large County in England, Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Give illustrative diagrams or sketches.

11. What districts in the British Isles yield the most (1) Metallic Ores, (2) Building-stone, (3) Slate, (4) Clay and Brick-earth?

12. Name and describe four of the specimens on the table.

EXAMINATION IN BOTANY.

FULL MARKS, 100. PASS, 50.

(Time allowed, two hours.)

Not more than EIGHT of the following questions are to be answered.
Numbers 11 and 12 must be attempted.

1. Briefly explain dioecious, root-hair, callus, ovule, and ascus.

2. What adaptations do you know in plants to protect against drought, injury by animals, and non-fertilisation?

3. What is the difference between saprophyte and parasite, albuminous and exalbuminous, spore and seed?

4. What substances are necessary to form a nutritive solution which will by itself support a plant?

5. What would be the effect of excessive watering of plants kept in a moist atmosphere ?

6. Why is copper sulphate used in spraying plants?

7. Why is rotation of crops advantageous ?

8. Name, without description, what fungi are specially dangerous to wheat, clover, larch, and hollyhock.

9. What methods have been employed to obtain improved varieties of cultivated plants?

10. What is smut? Give its life-history.

11. Give the principal characteristics of one of the following Natural Orders - Cruciferæ, Leguminosæ, or Gramineæ, and specify six of the plants of the Order that are cultivated in England.

12. Name and describe systematically the specimen provided.

EXAMINATION IN VETERINARY SCIENCE.

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MARKS, 100. PASS NUMBER, 50.

(Time allowed, two hours.)

Not more than EIGHT of the following questions are to be answered. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8 must be attempted.

1. Describe the structure of bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon.

2. What are the chief uses of the above-named structures in the animal ody?

3. In examining the skeleton of a quadruped (horse or ox) what cavities are observed to be bounded more or less completely by bones?

4. What joints in man are represented by the stifle joints, hock joints, and knee joints of the horse?

5. How would you identify portions taken from each of the compartments of the stomach of an ox or sheep?

6. Describe the processes which result in the destructive changes which are always going on in the animal body, and state how the products are disposed of.

7. What constituents are required to form a perfect food?

8. How is the nitrogenous ratio of a food ascertained?

9. What parts do the carbohydrates and fats play in the process of nutrition?

10. What is the proportion of water in the tissues of the animal body, and how is it supplied and excreted?

11. Assuming that an ox and a sheep are to be kept for a time exclusively on roots, what quantity would each animal consume daily on an average!

12. Describe the dentition of a horse at two years and nine months, ox at two years, sheep at one year, and pig at fifteen months old.

EXAMINATION IN AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY.

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MARKS, 100. PASS NUMBER, 50.

(Time allowed, one hour and a half.)

Not more than SIX questions are to be answered, of which the First must be one.

Where the candidate is not acquainted with the scientific name of an insect, the generally received English name will be accepted.

1. In what respects do insects differ from other groups of the Arthropoda ? Draw a diagram of the dorsal aspect of a typical insect, naming the parts.

2. Give an account of the pests to which an oat crop is especially liable. 3. How are Dipterous larvæ as a rule distinguishable from Coleopterous larvæ? Describe carefully the larva of the following insects:

Crane-fly (Tipula), Cockchafer, Currant saw-fly, Earwig.

4. Give the life-history of the horse bot-fly (Gastrophilus equi). Discuss the injury it inflicts, and suggest a method of treatment.

5. What crops are subject to attack from "root maggots" (larvæ of Anthomyiada)?. Describe the injury done, and the best methods of dealing with these pests.

6. Explain, from your knowledge of the life-history of this group, the enormously rapid increase in a green-fly (Aphis) attack. Suggest a suitable "wash" for this pest, explaining the use of its ingredients.

7. Give an account of the various wood-eating pests to which fruit trees are subject.

8. Give an account of ONE of the two following Acarine pests, indicating the injury done, the crops attacked, and the methods of treatment:

(a) Red Spider (Tetranychus telarius):

(b) Currant Gall-mite (Phytoptus ribis).

392

Notes, Communications, and
Reviews.

THE REPAIR OF FARM FOOTPATHS AND

STILES.

THE recent decision of the Divisional Court in the case of Rundle v. Hearle1 raises the question of the ratione tenure liability of farmers to repair the public footpaths and stiles upon their holdings. As the term implies, a liability to repair ratione tenuræ arises where a person is responsible for the maintenance of a highway "by reason of his tenure" of any lands. An individual may thus be liable to repair a highway if he hold land the tenants whereof have been immemorially accustomed to do so; for in such a case it will sometimes be presumed that the land was originally granted in consideration of such repairs being done.

It is difficult, however, to lay down any hard and fast rule upon the subject; the existence or non-existence of liability will depend upon the circumstances in each case. Thus, although the fact that a person has done repairs to a way may be some evidence of a liability to repair in the case of a road for carriages or horses, yet a footpath through fields and over stiles is a widely different matter. The one requires repairs on a system, and at certain intervals from the nature of the traffic, whilst the other does not necessarily do so, and, on the contrary, may never, except on isolated occasions, receive any repairs at all. It is quite possible that in dedicating a pathway through his fields the landowner may do so without any obligation to repair resting on himself or on anybody else. He merely dedicates a path on which people may pass if they choose to do so, but they take it as they find it, and subject to any condition which the owner imposes such as the reservation of the right of ploughing, which is perfectly lawful, although all trace of the path is for the time being obliterated. Moreover, the fact that a person has occasionally done small repairs to footpaths or stiles passing over his land, is quite consistent with the theory that such repairs were done by him merely for his own benefit and convenience, and is no evidence of any liability to repair. On the

2

167 L.J.Q.B. 741.

Woodgate v. Mercer, 39 L.J.M.C. 21: L.R. 5 Q.B. 26.

« AnteriorContinuar »