Statement of moneys received into the Treasury from all sources other Statistical view of the Commerce of the United States for the year end- Condensed view of the Tonnage of the several Districts of the United Quantities of American and Foreign Tonnage entered into and departing from each District, during the year ending September 30th, 1830, Statement of the Number of Vessels, and the amount of Tonnage, which were built, registered, enrolled and licensed, in each State and Territo- ry of the United States during the year ending Dec. 31st, 1829, Statement of the total Number of Vessels, and the Seamen employed in Navigating the same, which belonged to each State or Territory of the United States on the 31st of December, 1829, Recapitulation of the Tonnage of the United States for the year 1829, Summary Statement of the quantity and value of Merchandize Imported Summary Statement of the value of the exports, of the growth, produce and Manufactures of Foreign Countries, from 1st October, 1829, to 30th Summary Statement of the value of the exports of the growth, produce and Manufacture of the United States from 1st October, 1829, to 30th Report of the Joint Select Committee of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives of the State of Maine, in relation to the North Eastern Boun- Manifesto of the Polish Government against Prussia, ACTS OF THE TWENTYFIRST CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION, The Cherokee Nation vs. the State of Georgia, Constitutional Question, The State of New Jersey, complainant, vs. the People of the State of New Pierre Menard, Plaintiff in Error, vs. Aspasia, Defendant in Error, OBITUARY. Page 158 200 AMERICAN ANNUAL REGISTER, FOR THE YEARS 1830-1831. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER I. Policy of the Administration.-Sectional Parties.-Policy of the Southern States. Of the Northern.-Periodical Press. Political Machinery.-Political course of the President.-Quarrels with the Vice President.-Change of Cabinet.-Causes of Resignations.-Character of new Cabinet.-Opposition.-AntiMasonic Party.-Origin of same.-Principles of Anti-Masonic Party-Effect upon the Politics of the Union. MORE than a year had now his first message to Congress, on elapsed since the Inauguration of the great questions dividing the Andrew Jackson as the President of the United States; and although this was scarcely sufficient to afford a fair test of the merits of his administration, it was abun dant time for the formation and promulgation of his scheme of National Policy. The profession of certain principles of action are so much words of course among public men, that no intelligible criterion could be found in the very general maxims advanced in his inaugural address, and as lit tle could be gained from the oracular expressions contained in country. Even when a principle was advanced, it was so guarded, and couched in such ambiguous terms, as to commit the administration to nothing. A modification of the tariff might be safely recommended, while all parties were dissatisfied with the adjustment of its details; and professions of favoring the cause of internal improvement, were SO limited by a reference to the doubtful construction of the Constitution, as to leave it still a ques tion whether the Federal Government intended to continue the exercise of that power. It seemed indeed on most subjects to be the policy of the administration to wait for the development of public opinion, and to receive rather than to give an impulse to the councils of the country. This attitude of neutrality was not preserved on all questions. On many of those, which had so much contributed to the division of the community into sectional parties, the administration evinced a more decided character, and materially contributed by its influence to the ascendancy in the national councils, of what had been denominated the Southern Policy. This policy, which has occasionally triumphed in Congress, and has always exercised a strong influence in that body, results in a great degree from the peculiar structure of society in the Southern States. Those States from the Potomac to the province of Texas, make one large but compact territory, 900 miles in length, and 600 in breadth, having the Ohio river for a northern boundary, in which slavery forms so important a feature of society, as to give a direction to capital and in a measure to control its employment. Excluding Maryland, a State, which has been detached by various causes, (and by none more than by a conviction of the unproductive character of slave labor,) from the influence of the political motives governing this portion of the Union, and it contains a territory of 472,000 square miles, inhabited by a population of 5,083,000, of which 1,850,000, or nearly two fifths, are slaves. Society is thus divided into two great classes-the proprietors of the soil, and the slaves. who cultivate it. There are indeed some smaller classes, such as overseers, (who are dependent on the planters) and factors and merchants, who facilitate the transportation of produce to market. The most important and influential class, however, is composed of planters, and they completely control the policy of that part of the Union. From the low intellectual condition of the slaves, it follows that their labor can be more easily employed in cultivating the soil, than mechanical pursuits. It requires but little pains to teach a negro to dig, to sow, and to reap, and so long as the cultivation of the fertile soil of the Southern States can be profitably followed, it would be idle to expect that any attempts will be made to instruct the negroes in the more intricate arts of the workshop. Agriculture or planting, therefore, is not only the chief but almost the sole employment of the south, and owing to the debased character of those employed in culti vating the earth, a large portion of society is devoted to idleness; because education and public opinion has attached a kind of degradation to all engaged in what has hitherto been the chief employment of that portion of the Union. This exemption from labor, while it affords leisure for the acquisition of the more elegant ac complishments and the urbane |