Northumber The earle of Warkewoorth. Wherevpon the earle of Northumberland, not thinking himselfe in suertie at Berwike, fled with the lord Berdolfe into Scotland, where they were receiued of Dauid lord Fleming.1 land [and Lord Bardolph fled to Scotland.] Owen Glendower endeth his life in great miserie. Act III. sc. i.-A note of time occurs at 1. 60, which, if we could ignore historic and dramatic contradictions, would enable us to say that the Third Act opens in 1407. Henry calls to mind how "eight yeares since," that is, in 1399,-Northumberland had been his trustiest friend. Yet this memory presents itself in the historical year 1405, before the end of Archbishop Scrope's rebellion was known. We need not, however, concern ourselves about years, for but a few dramatic days have elapsed since the battle of Shrewsbury.2 Chronology being thus travestied, the news that "Glendour is dead" (1. 103) is not liable to question because he survived Henry; nor is anything gained if we accept the erroneous date3 given in the following excerpt: [Hol. iii. 536/1/1.] The Welsh rebell Owen Glendouer made an end of his wretched life in this tenth yeare [1408-9] of king Henrie his reigne; being driuen now in his latter time (as we find recorded) to such miserie, that, in manner despairing of all comfort, he fled into desert places and solitarie caues; where, being destitute of all releefe and succour, dreading to shew his face to anie creature, and finallie lacking meat to susteine nature, for meere hunger and lacke of food, [he] miserablie pined awaie and died. Act IV. scc. i.-ii.-From the ensuing passages were derived the scenes in which the suppression of Archbishop Scrope's revolt is dramatized. Before the rebellion broke out "the king was minded to haue gone into Wales against the Welsh rebels, that, vnder their cheefteine Owen Glendouer, ceassed not to doo much mischeefe still against the English subiects" (Hol. iii. 529/1/51). 1 Northumberland sealed a letter written at Berwick-upon-Tweed on June 3 Pennant says, without citing any authority, that Glendower died on 1 A new con spiracie against king the art of others. Henrie by Northumberland & [Hol. iii. 529/1/56.] But at the same time, to his further disquieting, there was a conspiracie put in practise against him at home by the earle of Northumberland, who had conspired with Richard Scroope, archbishop of Yorke, Thomas Mowbraie, earle marshall, sonne to Thomas duke of Norfolke, (who for the quarrell betwixt him and king Henrie had beene banished, as ye haue heard,) the lords Hastings, Fauconbridge,1 Berdolfe, and diuerse others. It was appointed that they should meet altogither with their whole power, vpon Yorkeswold, at a daie assigned, and that the earle of Northumberland should be cheefteine; promising to [Northum bring with him a great number of Scots. The archbishop, accom- promised to panied with the earle marshall, deuised certeine articles of such with a matters, as it was supposed that not onelie the commonaltie of the Scrope Realme, but also the nobilitie found themselues greeued with: which articles they shewed first vnto such of their adherents as were neere about them, & after sent them abroad to their freends further off; assuring them that, for redresse of such oppressions, they would shed the last drop of blood in their bodies, if need were. The archbishop, not meaning to staie after he saw himselfe accompanied with a great number of men, that came flocking to Yorke to take his part in this quarrell, foorthwith discouered his enterprise; causing the articles aforesaid to be set vp in the publike streets of the citie of Yorke, and vpon the gates of the monasteries, that ech man might vnderstand the cause that mooued him to rise in armes against the king: the reforming whereof did not yet apperteine vnto him. Herevpon, knights, esquiers, gentlemen, yeomen, and other of the commons, as well of the citie townes and countries about, being allured either for desire of change, or 1 In Rot. Parl., iii. 604/1, John "Fauconberge," Ralph Hastings, and John "Colvyle de Dale," are styled "Chivalers." 2 With "they would shed the last drop of blood in their bodies," cp. Mowbray's threat (IV. ii. 43, 44) that, if the articles were rejected, 66 we ready are to trie our fortunes, To the last man." 3 Westmoreland, addressing the Archbishop, denies the "neede of any such redresse" as Scrope speaks of, and adds (IV. i. 98): "Or if there were, it not belongs to you." berland join them number of Scots. devised articles setting forth the grievances of the nobility and commons.] The archbishop in armor. else for desire to see a reformation in such things as were mentioned in the articles, assembled togither in great numbers; and the archbishop, comming foorth amongst them clad in armor,1 incouraged, exhorted, and (by all meanes he could) pricked them foorth to take the enterprise in hand, and manfullie to continue in their begun purpose; promising forgiuenesse of sinnes to all them, whose hap it was to die in the quarrell: and thus not onelie all the citizens of Yorke, but all other in the countries about, that were able to beare weapon, came to the archbishop, and the earle marshall. In deed, the respect that men had to the archbishop men had of caused them to like the better of the cause, since the grauitie of his age, his integritie of life, and incomparable learning, with the reuerend aspect of his amiable personage, mooued all men to haue him in no small estimation. The estimation which the arch bishop of Yorke. Westmer land and the lord Iohn of Lancaster the kings sone prepare themselues to The king, aduertised of these matters, meaning to preuent them, left his iournie into Wales, and marched with all speed The earle of towards the north parts. Also Rafe Neuill, earle of Westmerland, that was not farre off, togither with the lord Iohn of Lancaster the kings sonne, being informed of this rebellious attempt, assembled togither such power as they might make, and, togither with those which were appointed to attend on the said lord Iohn to defend the borders against the Scots, (as the lord Henrie Fitzhugh, the lord Rafe Eeuers, the lord Robert Umfreuill, & others,) made forward against the rebels; and, comming into a plaine within the The forest of forrest of Galtree, caused their standards to be pitched downe in like sort as the archbishop had pitched his, ouer against them, being farre stronger in number of people than the other; for (as some write) there were of the rebels at the least twentie thousand resist the kings enimies. Galtree. men. 2 When the earle of Westmerland perceiued the force of the aduersaries, and that they laie still and attempted not to come 1 Prince John reproves the Archbishop for appearing "here, an yron man (IV. ii. 8). With the Prince's complimentary words (11. 16-22), cp. what is said of Scrope in the last passage of this paragraph, "In deed, the respect," &c. 2 The two armies met on May 29, 1405, at "Shupton [Shipton] sur le More, bien pres la Citee d'Everwyk."-Rot. Parl., iii. 605/1. Galtres Forest formerly reached from York to Aldborough.-Bartholomew, s.v. The subtill earle of policie of the Westmer land. The arch bishops pro testation why he had on forward vpon him, he subtillie deuised how to quaile their purpose; and foorthwith dispatched messengers vnto the archbishop to vnderstand the cause as it were of that great assemblie, and for what cause (contrarie to the kings peace) they came so in a[r]mour. The archbishop answered, that he tooke nothing in hand against the kings peace,1 but that whatsoeuer he did, tended rather to aduance the peace and quiet of the common-wealth, than otherwise; and where he and his companie were in armes, it was for feare of the king, to whom he could haue no free accesse, by reason of such a multitude of flatterers as were about him; and therefore he mainteined that his purpose to be good & profitable, as well for the king himselfe, as for the realme, if men were willing to vnderstand a truth: & herewith he shewed foorth a scroll, in which the [Scrope sent articles were written wherof before ye haue heard. him armes. Westmoreland a scroll containing land affected them.] The messengers, returning to the earle of Westmerland, shewed the articles.] him what they had heard & brought from the archbishop. When he had read the articles, [p. 530] he shewed in word and countenance outwardly that he liked 2 of the archbishops holie and vertuous [Westmoreintent and purpose; promising that he and his would prosecute the to like same in assisting the archbishop, who, reioising hereat, gaue credit to the earle, and persuaded the earle marshall (against his will as it were) to go with him to a place appointed for them to commune [Mowbray togither. Here, when they were met with like number on either suaded by part, the articles were read ouer, and, without anie more adoo, confer with the earle of Westmerland and those that were with him agreed to doo their best, to see that a reformation might be had, according to the same. was per Scrope to Westmoreland.] Westmerlads The earle of Westmerland, vsing more policie than the rest: The earle of "Well” (said he) "then our trauell is come to the wished end; politike. "and where our people haue beene long in armour, let them depart "home to their woonted trades and occupations: in the meane [He pro"time let vs drinke togither in signe of agreement, that the people they should 1 The Archbishop says to Prince John (IV. ii. 31): "I am not here against your fathers peace." 2 Prince John says of the articles (IV. ii. 54): "I like them all, and do allow them well." 3 Cp. Prince John's words (IV. ii. 63): "Lets drinke together friendly, and embrace." posed that drink together in sight of the two armies.] [Meanwhile a message was sent to the rebels that they might depart, for peace was concluded.] "on both sides maie see it, and know that it is true, that we be "light at a point." They had no sooner shaken hands togither, but that a knight was sent streight waies from the archbishop, to bring word to the people that there was peace concluded; commanding ech man to laie aside his armes, and to resort home to their houses. The people, beholding such tokens of peace, as shaking of hands, and drinking togither of the lords in louing manner, they being alreadie wearied with the vnaccustomed trauell of warre, brake vp their field and returned homewards; but, in the meane time, whilest the people of the archbishops side withdrew land's forces awaie, the number of the contrarie part increased, according to order giuen by the earle of Westmerland; and yet the archbishop perceiued not that he was deceiued, vntill the earle of Westmerland arrested both him and the earle marshall, with diuerse other. Thus saith Walsingham. They increased.] The archbishop of Yorke and the earle marshall arrested. Biton. armies, land persuaded Scrope and Mowbray to trust the king's mercy by submission to Prince I quote another account which Holinshed gives, because two details were taken from it by Shakspere; namely, that the conference of the royal officers with Scrope and Mowbray was held-as Westmoreland proposes" iust distance tweene our armies" (IV. i. 226); and that the rebels submitted to Prince John. [Hol. iii. 530/1/38.] But others write somwhat otherwise of this matter; affirming that the earle of Westmerland, in deed, and the lord Rafe Eeuers, procured the archbishop and the earle between the marshall, to come to a communication with them, vpon a ground iust in the midwaie betwixt both the armies; where the earle of Westmerland in talke declared to them how perilous an enterprise they had taken in hand, so to raise the people, and to mooue warre against the king; aduising them therefore to submit themselues without further delaie vnto the kings mercie, and his sonne the lord Iohn, who was present there in the field with banners spred, redie to trie the matter by dint of sword, if they refused this counsell: and therefore he willed them to remember themselues well; &, if they would not yeeld and craue the kings pardon, he bad them doo their best to defend themselues. John.] Herevpon as well the archbishop as the earle marshall submitted themselues vnto the king, and to his sonne the lord Iohn that was there present, and returned not to their armie. Where |