FULL WEIGHT
PURE

DRPRICE'S
CREAM

BAKING
POWDER

MOST PERFECT MADE

Its superior excellence proven in millions of homes for more than a quarter of a century. It is used by the United States Government. Endorsed by the heads of the Great Universities as the Strongest, Purest, and most Healthful. Dr. Price's Cream Baking Powder does not contain Ammonia, Lime, or Alum. Sold only in Cans.

PRICE BAKING POWDER CO. NEW YORK. CHICAGO. ST. LOUIS. SAN FRANCISCO.

No Chemicals.

W. BAKER & CO.'S
Breakfast
Cocoa

Is Absolutely Pure,

and it is Soluble.

To increase the solubility of the powdered cocoa, various expedients are employed, most of them being based upon the action of some alkali, potash, soda or even ammonia. Cocoa which has been prepared by one of these chemical processes, can usually be recognized at once by the distinct alkaline reaction of the infusion in water.

W. Baker & Co.'s Breakfast Cocoa

is manufactured from the first stage to the last by perfect mechanical processes, no chemical being used in its preparation. By one of the most ingenious of these mechanical processes the greatest degree of fineness is secured without the sacrifice of the attractive and beautiful red color which is characteristic of an absolutely pure and natural cocoa.

W. Baker & Co., Dorchester, Mass.

FOOD ADULTERATION

And its Detection. With photomicrographic plates and a bibliographical appendix. By J. P. Battershall. 328 pages, 8vo, cloth. Price, $3.50. Circulars and Catalogues on application. E. & F. N. SPON,

12 Cortlandt St., New York.

The Verdict

OF ALL who have used Ayer's Pills

for Biliousness and Liver Complaint is that they are the best ever made. Being free from any mineral ingredients, and sugar-coated, Ayer's Pills are adapted to all ages, constitutions, and climates.

"Having used Ayer's Pills for many years in my practice and family, I feel justified in recommending them as an excellent cathartic and liver medicine. They sustain all the claims made for them."-W. A. Westfall, M. D., V. P. Austin & N. W. R. R. Co., Burnet, Texas.

'Ayer's Pills keep my stomach and liver in perfect condition. Five years ago I was afflicted with enlargement of the liver and with a severe form of dyspepsia, most of the time being unable to retain any solid food on my stomach. I finally began to take Ayer's Pills, and after using only three boxes of these magical pellets, was a well man." Lucius Alexander, Marblehead, Mass.

If you have Sick Headache, Constipation, Indigestion, or Piles, try

Ayer's Pills,

PREPARED BY

Dr. J. C. Ayer & Co., Lowell, Mass. Sold by all Druggists and Dealers in Medicine

258.1

THE SPRAGUE ELECTRIC-RAILWAY MOTOR. WE publish in this issue views of the Sprague improved electric motor for street-railway work. This motor represents the experience of several years in the electric street-railway business, and it is intended to meet all the exigencies in this kind of work. In its manufacture, every detail of mechanical and electrical construction is carefully attended to, and the most recent improvements which experience could suggest have been adopted to meet the necessities of street-car service.

Only one intermediate shaft is used between the armature pinion and the main gear, and the entire reduction is about 12 to 1. All

SINGLE COPIES, TEN CENTS. $3.50 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE.

The armatures are of the type which has been proved to be water-proof, and incapable of injury by moisture. In a recent test upon one of these armatures, made at the Sprague factory at Schenectady, and described in this paper a short time ago, one of these armatures was placed successively in a tub of fresh water and allowed to remain there for twenty-four hours, and in a tub of salt water and allowed to remain there for the same time. After each of these baths, the armature was placed in position in the motor, and the machine was worked to one-third above its normal load, as measured by a dynamometer, for several hours without developing any trouble whatever. These tests proved most conclusively that these machines can be relied upon under all condi

the gears and every part of the motor are made extremely strong and durable, as can be seen in the case of the gears in the engraving, where the general appearance of durability and strength is everywhere marked.

The main gears are of the split-gear pattern, so that in case of necessity they can be easily removed from the shaft without dismounting the machine. The pinion and all the bearings are also constructed so that they can be easily removed if necessary.

Great attention has been paid in this motor to obtain a machine which will require a minimum amount of care, under the unfavorable conditions which motors for street-railway work very often meet in actual practice. For this reason, all the bearings are made completely dust-proof and very durable.

tions of weather, and that they cannot be harmed by moisture or by water splashing upon them from the road-bed.

Another important improvement which has been adopted in this machine is that the field-magnet coils are completely incased in covers, as shown in the engravings, which fully protect the wire from all outside damage. These casings are hermetically closed, so that it is impossible for moisture to affect the coils in any way.

The style of brushes used upon these motors is of a new type, which has been shown to give excellent results in this kind of work. The Sprague method of flexibly suspending the motors, and of controlling the speed of the motor without the use of any wasteful resistances, is also in use with these motors upon all the roads installed by the Sprague Electric Railway and Motor Company.

made on one or more main branches with the three widths of girdle, July 12, 21, and 29.

The results were as follows: 1st, All the girdles made near the ground healed over readily and completely; 2d,.Those on the main trunk healed less completely, but sufficiently to insure a good growth of tree and the covering of the injured part in another year; 3d, The girdles made in the branches healed less completely than the last, and in two instances the new growth failed to meet, and consequently the branch died soon after starting growth in the spring; 4th, All showed a marked increase in fruitfulness over those not girdled; 5th, Little difference was observed in the effect of the girdling made at different times or in the various widths of the ring of bark taken out.

No definite conclusion can be made at this time as to the effect of this treatment upon the permanent health of the tree. Observations for many years alone can determine the point.

Reasoning from analogy and from the known laws of plantgrowth, this treatment can be advised only upon trees that are planted too closely, and a part of which must be removed after a time, to allow the full development of others, or those in very rich, moist soil which are long coming into bearing.

Cutting rings of bark from the canes of the grape-vine to hasten the time of ripening has been practised more or less for many years to prepare large specimens for exhibition, but only for the few years past has it been practised to hasten the crop for market. In a series of experiments made in the college vineyard in 1877 and 1878, and recorded in the "Report of the Board of Agriculture of Massachusetts " for 1878 and 1879, it was found that removing a ring of bark early in July, a quarter of an inch wide, resulted in hastening the time of ripening from one to two weeks.

It was also concluded, from very careful tests made at the time, that the increased size and early maturity were not at the expense of the quality, and that as far as could be determined at that time, and which further observations have confirmed, the vines are not materially injured by the girdling.

Girdling has been practised in the college vineyard more or less every year since, with favorable results. The canes that are to be cut away at the fall pruning only have been girdled, to avoid any possibility of injury to vine or root from stopping the downward flow of sap by the girdle.

Some seasons the results of this practice have been more marked than in others, but generally the increased price obtained for the early fruit has much more than paid expenses of the work; and in seasons of early frost, to which many sections of New England are liable, it has made the difference between total failure and fair profit.

To save expense in the work, for the past two years the girdling has been done by twisting a wire very firmly about the canes the last of June, above the point where the cane is to be cut away at the fall pruning.

About No. 20 wire has been found best, and results obtained have been more satisfactory when the wires were put on the last of June or early in July, and twisted very firmly about the cane. While there is no proof that the vines are in any way injured (notwithstanding that very careful observations have been made for many years), it is not advisable to girdle the entire vine, but to treat only those canes to be cut away at the fall pruning, and leave about one-half of the vine to grow to a natural condition.

LIFE INSURANCE.'

I HAVE Sometimes been a guest at public dinners when I have felt much more at home and at ease than I do now. The last time I was in this room, a few days ago, it was at a meeting of civil engineers, and I had a reasonable confidence that I had as much practice in public speaking, at any rate, as they had. But now, gentlemen, my experience with gentlemen connected with life-insurance companies is that they can talk a great deal more persuasively than I can.

My business and your business, gentlemen, are connected in a great variety of ways.

1 A speech at the dinner of the Boston Life Underwriters' Union, April 9, by President C. W. Eliot of Harvard.

In the first place, I do not suppose there is any class of men who are more suitable persons to insure their lives than college teachers. They are almost universally poor, and they universally desire to educate their children and bring up their families well. They have a small, fixed income, and it is an income likely to last as long as their working power lasts. And then, again, they know that they generally live pretty long, to a time when their earning power is impaired; and against that time they make provision by endowment insurance. So I have happened to know a good deal about life insurance as seen from the point of view of a college man. For such reasons as I have given you, I am insured myself in three strong companies.

Again a good many young men are absolutely without resources, but desperately bent on winning an education. Such a young man induces some friend to lend him a thousand or two thousand dollars, and take security in an insurance upon his life. That young man is presumably ambitious, and has a worthy ambition, and, if he has the necessary physique, he is likely to succeed; and to enable a few such young men to succeed in each decade is a great object.

I will mention still another service which I wish life-insurance companies could render. There may be there are obviously — serious difficulties in the way; but perhaps here is an opening for new business. As your president has stated, it is the development, comfort, and protection of families that insurance chiefly provides for. Now, I have observed that the permanence of families in good station - the continued usefulness of families from generation to generation — can only be preserved in this country by education. Nothing else will answer: no inheritance of money will answer. You can read in the triennial and quinquennial catalogues how families live and die: some families continue to hold leading places in the community, and other families, which once held such places, disappear. The cause, almost uniformly, for their disappearance, is the ceasing of the higher education at some stage in the history of that family. Men who know these things, therefore (and college men are very apt to have their attention drawn to them), desire some means of securing education to their children. If nothing more, many of them would be greatly relieved to be sure that every one of their sons could get four or five hundred dollars a year for the years between eighteen and twentyfour, for instance. And it seems to me that this provision is not beyond the reach of life insurance; namely, that a father, when his boys are three or four years old, could be enabled to be sure that his boys, as they grow up, should have successively the three hundred or four hundred or five hundred dollars a year necessary to make sure of their education. It is a limited kind of endowment which is sought for, an endowment which, in my judgment, would go very far to secure the stability and effectiveness in the community of families that have once reached a high state of education and cultivation.

I congratulate you, gentlemen, upon the sphere of your activity. I do not know of any business which has to do more exclusively with the best side of human life; and that is a very great pleasure and satisfaction in any man's life, that he has to do with human nature at its best. It seems to me, from what I have heard of the nature of life insurance and the kind of men with whom the agents of life-insurance companies are brought into contact, that my friend President Capen will be likely to tell you later that all life-insurance agents are Universalists. They must feel, I think, that at least all the men that they know who insure their lives are going to be saved.

It is a great privilege also, gentlemen, that your business in life is, after all, the promotion, as the president has said, of the security and happiness of family. I believe that the normal domestic joys are the chief sources of human happiness; and that, as the president has said, on the family rest all the larger human organizations. Therefore, when you work for the security and cultivation and safety of the family, you work for all that is most precious in human society.

THE sixth annual convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists will be held at the Department of Agriculture, Washington, commencing Sept. 10, 1889, at 10 A.M.

THE PRIMITIVE HOME OF THE ARYANS.1

IN my address to the anthropological section of the British Association in 1887, I stated, that, in common with many other anthropologists and comparative philologists I had come to the conclusion that the primitive home of the Aryans was to be sought in north-eastern Europe. The announcement excited a flutter in the newspapers, many of whose readers had probably never heard of the Aryans before, while others of them had the vaguest possible idea of what was meant by the name.

Unfortunately it is a name which, unless carefully defined, is likely to mislead or confuse. It was first introduced by Professor Max Müller, and applied by him in a purely linguistic sense. The "discovery of Sanscrit and the researches of the pioneers of comparative philology had shown that a great family of speech existed, comprising Sanscrit and Persian, Greek and Latin, Teutonic and Slav, all of them sister-languages descended from a common parent, of which, however, no literary monuments survived. In place of the defective or cumbersome titles of "IndoGerman," "Indo-European," and the like, which had been suggested for it, Professor Max Müller proposed to call it " Aryan,"

a title derived from the Sanscrit Arya, interpreted "noble" in later Sanscrit, but used as a national name in the hymns of the Rig-Veda.

It is much to be regretted that the name has not been generally adopted. Such is the case, however, and it is to-day like a soul seeking a body in which to find a habitation. But the name is an excellent one, though the philologists of Germany, who govern us in such matters, have refused to accept it in the sense proposed by its author; and we are therefore at liberty to discover for it a new abode, and to give it a new scientific meaning.

In the enthusiasm kindled by the sight of the fresh world that was opening out before them, the first disciples of the science of comparative philology believed that they had found the key to all the secrets of man's origin and earlier history. The parent-speech of the Indo-European languages was entitled the Ursprache, or "Primeval Language;" and its analysis, it was imagined, would disclose the elements of articulate speech, and the process whereby they had developed into the manifold languages of the present world. But this was not enough. The students of language went even further. They claimed not only the domain of philology as their own, but the domain of ethnology as well. Language was confounded with race; and the relationship of tribe with tribe, of nation with nation, was determined by the languages they spoke. If the origin of a people was required, the question was summarily decided by tracing the origin of its language. English is, on the whole, a Teutonic language, and therefore the whole English people must have a Teutonic ancestry. The dark skinned Bengali speaks languages akin to our own: therefore the blood which runs in his veins must be derived from the same source as that which runs in ours.

The dreams of universal conquest indulged in by a young science soon pass away as facts accumulate and the limit of its powers is more and more strictly determined. The Ursprache has become a language of comparatively late date in the history of linguistic development, which differed from Sanscrit or Greek only in its fuller inflexional character. The light its analysis was believed to cast on the origin of speech has proved to be the light of a will-o'the-wisp, leading astray and perverting the energies of those who might have done more profitable work. The mechanism of primitive language often lies more clearly revealed in a modern Bushman's dialect or the grammar of Eskimo than in that muchvaunted Ursprache from which such great things were once expected by the philosophy of human speech.

Ethnology has avenged the invasion of its territory by linguistic science, and has in turn claimed a province which is not its own. It is no longer the comparative philologist, but the ethnologist, who now and again uses philological terms in an ethnological sense, or settles racial affinities by an appeal to language. The philologist first talked about an "Indo-European race." Such an expression could now be heard only from the lips of a youthful ethnologist.

1 From The Contemporary Review.

As soon as the discovery was made that the Indo-European languages were derived from a common mother, scholars began to ask where that common mother-tongue was spoken. But it was agreed on all hands that this must have been somewhere in Asia. Theology and history alike had taught that mankind came from the East, and from the East accordingly the Ursprache must have come too. Hitherto Hebrew had been generally regarded as the original language of humanity. Now that the Indo-European Ursprache had deprived Hebrew of its place of honor, it was natural, if not inevitable, that, like Hebrew, it should be accounted of Asiatic origin. Moreover, it was the discovery of Sanscrit that had led to the discovery of the Ursprache. Had it not been for Sanscrit, with its copious grammar, its early literature, and the light which it threw on the forms of Greek and Latin speech, comparative philology might never have been born. Sanscrit was the magician's wand which had called the new science into existence, and without the help of Sanscrit the philologist would not have advanced beyond the speculations and guesses of classical scholars. What wonder, then, if the language which had thus been a key to the mysteries of Greek and Latin, and which seemed to embody older forms of speech than they, should have been assumed to stand nearer to the Ursprache than the cognate languages of Europe? The assumption was aided by the extravagant age assigned to the monuments of Sanscrit literature. The poems of Homer might be old; but the hymns of the Veda, it was alleged, mounted back to a primeval antiquity, while the Institutes of Manu represented the oldest code of laws existing in the world.

There was yet another reason which contributed to the belief that Sanscrit was the first-born of the Indo-European family. The founders of comparative philology had been preceded in their analytic work by the ancient grammarians of India. It was from Pânini and his predecessors that the followers of Bopp inherited their doctrine of roots and suffixes and their analysis of Indo-European words. The language of the Veda had been analyzed two thousand years ago as no other single language had ever been analyzed before or since. Its very sounds had been carefully probed and distinguished, and an alphabet of extraordinary completeness had been devised to represent them. It appeared as if the elements out of which the Sanscrit vocabulary and grammar had grown had been laid bare in a way that was possible in no other language; and in studying Sanscrit, accordingly, the scholars of Europe seemed to feel themselves near to the very beginnings of speech.

But it was soon perceived that if the primitive home of the IndoEuropean languages were Asia, they themselves ought to exhibit evidences of the fact. There are certain objects and certain phenomena which are peculiar to Asia, or, at all events, are not to be found in Europe; and words expressive of these ought to be met with in the scattered branches of the Indo-European family. If the parent-language had been spoken in India, the climate in which they were born must have left its mark upon the face of its offspring.

But here a grave difficulty presented itself. Men have short memories, and the name of an object which ceases to come before the senses is either forgotten or transferred to something else. The tiger may have been known to the speakers of the parentlanguage, but the words that denoted it would have dropped out of the vocabulary of the derived languages which were spoken in Europe. The same word which signifies an oak in Greek, signifies a beech in Latin. We cannot expect to find the European languages employing words with meanings which recall objects met with only in Asia.

How, then, are we to force the closed lips of our Indo-European languages, and compel them to reveal the secret of their birthplace? Attempts have been made to answer this question in two different ways.

On the one hand, it has been assumed that the absence in a particular language, or group of languages, of a term which seems to have been possessed by the parent-speech, is evidence that the object denoted by it was unknown to the speakers. But the assumption is contradicted by experience. Because the Latin equus has been replaced by caballus in the modern Romanic languages, we cannot conclude that the horse was unknown in western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. The native Basque word for