arranged into three departments, not rigorously scientific indeed, but sufficiently so for our purpose. These are, I. Language. II. Mathematics. III. Philosophy. I. Language. In the first department I would arrange as distinct sciences, 1. languages and history, ancient and modern: 2. grammar: 3. belles lettres: 4. rhetoric and oratory: 5. a school for the deaf, dumb and blind. History is here associated with languages, not as a kindred subject, but on a principle of economy, because both may be attained by the same course of reading, if books are selected with that view. II. Mathematics. In the department of mathematics, I should place distinctly, '. mathematics pure: 2. physico-mathematics: S. physics: 4. chemistry: 5. natural history, to wit, mineralogy: 6. botany and 7. zoology: 8. anatomy: 9. the theory of medicine. : III. Philosophy. In the philosophical department, I should distinguish, 1. ideology: 2. ethics: 3. the law of nature and nations: 4, government: 5. political economy. But some of these terms being used. by different writers, in different degrees of extension, I will define exactly what I mean to comprehend in each of them. I. S. Within the term of belles lettres, I include poetry and composition generally, and criticism. II. 1. I consider pure mathematics as the science of 1. numbers, and 2. measure in the abstract: that of numbers comprehending arithmetic, algebra, and fluxions: that of measure, (under the general appellation of geometry,) comprehending trigonometry, plane and spherical, conic sections, and transcendental curves. II. 2. Physico-mathematics treat of physical subjects by the aid of mathematical calculation. These are mechanics, statics, hydrostatics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics, navigation, astronomy, geography, optics, pneumatics, and acoustics. II. 3. Physics or natural philosophy, (not entering the limits of chemistry,) treat of natural substances, their properties, mutual relations, and action. They particularly examine the subjects of motion, attraction, magnetism, electricity, galvanism, light, meteorology, VOL. XII. 4 P with an &c. not easily enumerated. These definitions and specifications render immaterial the question whether I use the generic terms in the exact degree of comprehension in which others use them: to be understood is all that is necessary to the present object. III. Professional Schools. At the close of this course, the students separate, the wealthy retiring with a sufficient stock of knowledge, to improve themselves to any degree to which their views may lead them, and the professional section to the professional schools, constituting the 3d grade of education, and teaching the particular sciences which the individuals of this section mean to pursue, with more minuteness and detail than was within the scope of the general schools for the second grade of instruction. In these professional schools, each science is to be taught in the highest degree it has yet attained: They are to be in the 1st Department, the fine arts, to wit, civil architecture, gardening, painting, sculpture and the theory of music. In the 2d Department, architecture, military and naval projectiles, rural economy, (comprehending agriculture, horticulture and veterinary,) technical philosophy, the practice of medicine, materia medica, pharmacy and surgery. In the 3d Department, theology and ecclesiastical history, law, municipal and foreign. To these professional schools will come those who separated at the close of their 1st elementary course, to wit: The lawyer to the school of law. The ecclesiastic to that of theology and ecclesiastical history. The physician to those of the practice of medicine, materia medica, pharmacy and surgery. The military man to that of military and naval architecture and projectiles. The agricultor to that of rural economy. The gentleman, the architect, the pleasure gardener, painter and musician, to the school of fine arts. And to that of technical philosophy will come the mariner, carpenter, ship-wright, plough wright, wheelwright, mill-wright, pump-maker, clock-maker, machinist, optician, metallurgist, founder, cutler, druggist, brewer, vintner, distiller, dyer, painter, bleacher, soap-maker, tanner, powdermaker, salt-maker, glass-maker, to learn as much as shall be necessary to pursue their arts understandingly, of the sciences of geometry, mechanics, statics, hydrostatics, hydraulics, hydrodynamics, navigation, astronomy, geography, optics, pneumatics, acoustics, physics, chemistry, natural history, botany, mineralogy and pharmacy. The school of technical philosophy will differ essentially in its functions from the other professional schools. The others are instituted to ramify and dilate the particular sciences taught in the 2d grade on a general scale only. The technical school is to abridge those which were taught there too much in extenso for the limited wants of the artificer or practical man. These artificers must be grouped together, according to the particular branch of science in which they need elementary and practical instruction, and a special lecture, or lectures, should be prepared for each group-and these lectures should be given in the evening, so as not to interrupt the labours of the day. This school, particularly, should be maintained wholly at the public expense, on the same principles with that of the ward schools. Through the whole of the collegiate course, at the hours of recreation on certain days, all the students should be taught the manual exercise, military evolutions, and manœuvres; should be under a standing organization as a military corps, and with proper officers to train and command them. A tabular statement of this distri bution of the sciences will place the system of instruction more particularly in view. I. or elementary grade in the ward schools. Reading, writing, arithmetic, geography. II. or general grade. 1. Language, and history, ancient and modern. 2. Mathematics, viz: Mathematics pure. Physico-mathematics. Physics. Chemistry. Theory of medicine. Zoology. 3. Philosophy, viz: Law of nature and nations Political economy. III. or professional grade. Theology and ecclesiastical his tory. Law, municipal and foreign. Architecture, military and naval, On this survey of the field of science, I. Professorship. Language and history (ancient and modern), belles lettres, rhetoric and oratory. II. Professorship. Mathematics pure, physico mathematics, physics, anatomy, medicine theory. III. Professorship. Chemistry, zoology, botany, mineralogy. IV. Professorship. Philosophy. The organization of the branch of the institution which respects its government, police and economy, de Rome, June 10, 1813. I was at Rome in the year 1791; the city then contained 160,000 inhabitants, the luxuries in equipage and liveries were considerable; in many of the great houses the foreigner met with a hospitable reception, and every thing indicated a great and opulent capital. I entered the city this time by the same road, and instead of carriages, was met by droves of oxen, goats and half wild horses, driven along by black-eyed herdsmen, armed with long pikes, and muffled up in their cloaks; they looked like Tartars. The dust raised by the cattle filled the air. These herdsmen with their charge, seek every evening, within the walls, a refuge from the pestiferous atmosphere of the environs. They take possession of the quarters and palaces which are abandoned to them by the population, in proportion as it diminishes, and is crowded together with the unwholesome air into the centre of the city. The Porta Popuili, the Traustiberine quarter, and those of the Quirinal and the * This melancholy picture of the "Eternal City" agrees with the reports of all travellers. There is an able but saddening article on the subject in the last Namber of the Edinburgh Review. We subjoin (from the Newspapers) the following statistical table of the population of Rome for 1816: Mountain of the Trinity, are already deserted by their inhabitants, and country people have settled in them. The population of Rome is reduced to 100,000 souls, aud this number includes more than 40,000 vinedressers, herdsmen and gardeners. Extensive districts of the city are transformed into villages, and are occupied by rustics driven by the insalubrity of the atmosphere from their former dwellings. Such a prodigious depopulation in the short space of twentytwo years, is almost unprecedented. The political events of that period have doubtless contributed much to its diminution; but the principal cause must be sought in the general relation of Rome, and in the effects of its noxious atmosphere. This scourge is every year making fresh encroachments, every year overspreads streets, places and quarters, and every year its baneful influence must aug. ment; because it acts in an inverse ratio to the assistance opposed by the population. The fewer the inhabitants, the greater the number of victims, and every funeral is the avant courier of many more. That period, therefore, is probably not far distant, when this queen of cities will be completely shorn of her splendour, and nothing be left of her but that glorious name, which time cannot destroy. The traveller will then find at Rome, as he now does at Voltera, nought but a vast collection of monuments, palaces and ruins of every age. The marks of near approaching destruction are impressed upon every part of Rome. As there are many more houses than inhabitants, no person thinks of repairing his own; if it becomes ruinous, . he seeks another elsewhere; to mend a door, &c. would be deemed labour thrown away; they tumble down, and as they fall are left lying. In this manner numbers of convents are now transformed into ruinous shells; many palaces are become uninhabited, and no one takes the trouble even to secure their doors, This abandonment, this Tartar popuChildren born, 4256-deaths, 4941-lation filling the streets with their marriages, 1303. The whole population was 128,997 souls. In this number are 32 bishops, 1303 priests, 1286 monks and religious, 1172 nuns, 241 seminarists, 2757 sick in the hospitals, 778 prisoners, and 62 heretics, Turks and infidels. The number of families was 32,587. ED. cattle, already present striking cha racteristics of decay and ruin. Amid this neglect of the private buildings, a strong anxiety for the preservation of such remains of antiquity as time has spared, is observ❤ able. The government are carrying on works upon an extensive plan, according to which all those which are partly covered with rubbish, are to be cleared, and to be connected and grouped, that these precious relics shall present a view at once picturesque and agreeable. All the environs of the Vatican, with the exception of the main street conducting to it, are likewise abandoned to herdsmen. I was particularly struck with their desolate appearance, early one morning, when I set out to visit St. Peter's. The sun had just risen when I reached the great square; the doors of the Cathedral were still shut; profound silence every where prevailed, except that at a distance I heard the bells of the cattle returning to their pasture. Not a creature was to be seen, and I arrived in the fore-court without having met with one human being. The coolness of the morning, and the tints of the dawn, diffused an inexpressible charm over the enchanting solitude. I beheld the temple, its colonnades, and the sky before me, and never had my mind so deeply felt the sublime magnificence of nature, at the moment of separation between day and night. At length the doors of the church opened, and its bells announced the opening day; but in vain did their sound summon the Christians to their devotions. Not a soul came to implore the blessing of Heaven. This temple, the most splendid monument that the world ever raised to the Divinity-this temple already stands in a desertthe grass grows in its fore-courts, and moss springs upon its walls. ready relates the glory and magnificence of past ages, and prepares to proclaim to future generations the genius and the piety of the times in which it was founded. It al MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS. Account of the Rise and Progress of Boston, Nov. 4, 1817. these persons stood in terror. They had heard of me as an Universalist preacher, and knew nothing further about me: as an Universalist my preaching was publicly announced. WHATEVER Succurs ms al Uni. The first time I visited them I preached tarian Missionary, either in attempting to edify churches already planted, or to plant new ones, there is no fruit of my exertions that gives me more satisfaction than the united societies at Thorne and Stainforth; and as the success of the cause in those places, under many and great difficulties, may stimulate the persevering exertions of its friends in some other parts of the kingdom, I wish to communicate to them, through the medium of the Monthly Repository, a short outline of the rise and progress of Unitarianism in the above places. When I first visited Thorne, a little more than twelve years since, not a single Unitarian was to be found, either in that town or in its neighbourhood, for some miles round. There were a few Calvinists, but most of the religionists were Arminian Methodists. A few persons from among the Methodists had become, either in whole or in part, Universalists; of what they called Ariaus and Socinians, even in a barn to crowded congregations, the whole town seemed to come to gether on the occasion: and could ! have concealed every other reputed heresy but the Universal Restoration, I might soon have established a large society; but it never was in my plan to conceal any part of Scripture truth, though I have always thought it right to exercise prudence, and bring for ward subjects gradually, where they would appear new and excite alarm. This plan I adopted at Thorne, and it was successful. I had never thought that the multitude would continue to hear me when my sentiments were known; but I did expect that a few individuals would think for themselves, follow the convictions of their own minds, and keep the standard of Unitarianism erect among them; in this ! was not disappointed. From this time I continued to visit Thorne about every six months for several years; many books were put into circulation among the people, and a few persons became complete Unitarians, and steadily avowed their sentiments, though their doing it exposed them to reproach. These new Unitarians had no person among them who was capable of speaking in public, they were most of them poor people; but they were induced to meet together to read, pray, converse and do what they could to edify one another, and bear their practical testimony to the truth. They were assailed by opponents on every side, but were soon put into a way, of not only defending themselves, but of foiling their opponents: the plan was, never to attempt to build arguments on mere words, but to keep close to, and make a firm stand on, the plain facts and positive declarations of Scripture in which all Christians agree, as that there is and can be but one God; that Jesus Christ is a man, who received all things from the Father; who actually died, was buried and raised from the dead, and that the gospel is a system of the free grace of God, containing the free forgiveness of sins, &c.; and to bring every thing doubtful to the test of those things which all admit, and to require their opposers to reconcile their peculiar opinions with the facts and declarations in which all Christians are agreed. Though the few persons who formed this infant society continued to improve, and the Unitarian doctrine became more known in the neighbourhood, scarcely any addition was made to their numbers for several years, and some of the first members of this little flock were removed by death: still those who remained continued firm in the cause, and were determined to persevere. Many times have I gone to Thorne, a hundred miles from the place where I resided, to preach a few sermons to from fourteen to twenty persons; when there, I sometimes visited and preached in some of the neighbouring villages. In the intervals of my visits, sometimes personal differences arose among the few who assembled together, which threatened to separate them; but I had the happiness to succeed in bringing them to settle their differences and to walk together in love. Thus matters continued, for at least about five years, without any great increase or visible prospect of it. Still I had no doubt I that if we steadily persevered we should succeed, and a flourishing society would be ultimately produced. estimated that it would take about seven years to conquer the prejudices of the neighbourhood, so far as to obtain much success. At Stainforth, which I first visited nearly eight years since, there was at that time, not only no place of public worship, but no religious meeting of any kind, nor any outward profession of religion, until a worthy person, reputed an unbeliever, though it appears not avowedly such, came to hear me at Thorne, became an Unitarian, and procured me a room to preach in at Stainforth, and from the first I had always respectable though not large audiences. For several years, meetings have been regularly held at Stainforth, and the Stainforth and Thorne friends have united as branches of one connected church. At Stainforth, as well as at Thorne, until lately, the brethren have had to conduct their meetings without any public speaker, and do what they could to edify one another and enlighten their neighbours, nor have they laboured in vain. Last During the last five or six years a number of favourable circumstances have arisen; the Unitarian doctrine has made more rapid progress, the number of Unitarians has much increased, and they have been joined by persons in better circumstances in life, who are zealous in the cause. year a convenient and neat chapel was erected and opened at Thorne; and lately a small but neat one has been opened at Stainforth. These places being three miles distant from each other, and the latter place having about six hundred inhabitants, and no place of worship belonging to the Esta. blished Church, the erection of a second chapel, though one minister will supply both places, seemed essentially necessary. On the chapel at Stainforth a debt of nearly £130 still remains, which, it is hoped, the Unitarian public, especially those who did not contribute towards the chapel at Thorne, will, by their liberal contributions, enable the friends speedily to remove. This is the more confidently hoped, not only from the importance of the object, but also from the consideration of the great exertions which the friends at Stainforth and Thorne |