carry passengers, line-boats for merchandise, and scows for stone, earth, lumber, &c. Rafts may be made of logs, of boards and plank, or of slabs and brush. Canoes are cut out of a log, or made of green hides or birch bark. The term stages is associated with a concatenation of calamities, inconveniences and horrours, almost too insupportable to be spoken of. A stage is a heavy, foul, unwieldy coach, generally drawn by four jaded horses, urged along by a vulgar, profane, and insolent driver. There are some exceptions; some drivers are respectable, some stages are lumber-wagons, and in winter, when the snow is sufficiently deep, sleighs are used. They are usually, however, associated with bad roads and manifold horrours, and are very favourable to the nurture of spleen. Rail-roads are of two kinds. In some, the rails are laid longitudinally, and the upper surface being sheathed with iron, are adapted to the wheels of cars which are impelled over them with great rapidity. In others, the rails are rough, unhewn, and placed crosswise the road, for the purpose of enabling horses and wheels to avoid sinking into the mire; they are used in marshy places. Both kinds, however, greatly facilitate transition. no civilized community, where there is a wholesome association of the sexes, is an individual to be found whose heart is not animated at the mere mention of these indispensable luxuries of a snowy winter. I know of no situation in travelling in which a gentleman is apt to feel so amiable, as when he is nicely esconced in firs, in a fair sleigh, a pretty country cousin at his side, and a fast horse and merry bells ahead. His heart expands, and every beat harmonizes with the fast and merry bells; he loves every circumstance about him, and blesses even the win try storm. But precisely such enviable circum stances are not the boon of ordinary travellers; they are more peculiarly the pleasures of the home and the town. The traveller must commonly content himself with the comforts appertaining to a stage sleigh, a lumber sleigh, a cutter, a wood sleigh, a sled, or a jumper. By the solitary traveller, the jumper, in my humble opinion, is to be preferred over all manner of sliding vehicles. It is easily constructed and conveniently disposed of; it consists chiefly of two poles which should be tough and pliable, placed about three feet apart and parallel with each other, with uprights at one end supporting, a crate com other to fasten them to the barness. In this article, the traveller moves on, enjoying a reasonable portion of the pleasures of sleigh-riding, without fear of detriment from man, beast, storm, or snow-bank. Sir Walter asserts, that Dr. Johnson's chaisedriving, in point of pleasure, must yield the palm to pedestrianism. Coming now to speak of travelling As to wagons, coaches, and sleighs, those tech-fortably filled with hay or straw, and pegs at the nicalities include an almost innumerable variety of vehicles. There is the heavy Pennsylvania wagon, drawn by six horses, guided by one line, then the lumber wagon, the pleasure wagon, the little wagon, the baggage wagon, and the pedler's wagon. Coaches differ chiefly in their circumferences and diameters, and the relations which their bodies and wheels snstain to each other. For instance, on horseback, I beg leave to interpose that method of some coach-bodies are above the axletrees, others transition, as a substitute, superiour, in every imporbelow, some are poised upon thorough-braces, others tant respect, to both pedestrianism and chaise-riding. upon cross-springs, and not unfrequently upon cross Dr. Johnson was decided in his preference, but Sir rails. In 1601, coaches were prohibited in England, Walter was merely of opinion that pedestrianism because they were considered effeminate. was superiour to chaise-riding, not intimating however, but that riding on horseback might be preferable to both. There are many vehicles comprised under the very indefinite denomination of carriages, which I have not thought proper to classify in distinct orders. A horse, seventeen hands high, sagacious, spirited, They partake of the nature of both wagons and free and easy, with a soft saddle and a firm rein, is coaches, and frequently bear the same relation to just the thing, above all others, that I should first seboth, that the vegetable-insect, we some time since lect for travelling purposes. There is something described, does to the animal and vegetable king- du militaire in a gentleman upon horseback; he is doms. It will be readily perceived by the enlighten- above-ground, dry-shod, independent, ready for high ed reader, that I allude to those locomotives usually deeds and daring purposes. There are no incumdenominated chariots, phaetons, barouches, buggies, brances upon him, or about him; if he meets a bridgechaises, gigs, sulkeys, &c. These are by no means less stream, he swims it; if a stump, or a hole, he publick conveyances, but they are found in the em- goes around it; if a log, or a fence, he jumps it; in ploy of private gentlemen, and are kept at liveries, fine, he rides when he pleases, and where he for the accommodation of pleasure parties, and of pleases, and without danger; he stops without people who have been miscarried or are benighted. trouble, and lastly, though not leastly, he travels at a Sleighs, in a country where knowledge is so uni- trifling expense. Besides, it is a wholesome exerversally dissemminated, must be widely known. In cise; it invigorates the spirits, clarifies the mind, and purifies the body. The muscles become full and strong, the limbs round and substantial, the appetite is excellent, the digestion perfect, and the blood is driven briskly and freely through every part of the system. any thing I have seen, except it be mere straics. Some pretend, that they have travelled in a balloon at a rate which would have carried them round the world in a fortnight. I cannot think, that such a rapid passage is so wholesome as travelling upon Again, riding upon horseback is by no means horseback. In a hurricane, balloons are too swift. unfavourable to the cultivation of the social powers. They are constructed of oiled or varnished silk, The feelings partake of the general stir and anima- covered with a netting of twine, and inflated with tion of the system; and when two travellers happen hydrogen gas. The secret of their buoyancy is, to jog along together, an unusual conversation is they are lighter than the air. It is necessary to speedily elicited their sympathies unite, and their observe great care in making use of balloons, to avoid casual acquaintance very soon ripens into a perma-electricity and trees--the first explodes the hydrogen, nent friendship. If you choose to annex a pillion and the second rends the netting and silk-in either to the houss of the saddle, you may accommodate a of which events, a downward tendency is created, female companion. And he who can appreciate the which is manifestly unfavourable to repose. The value of female society, will find this the grand continual propinquity to this awful danger, is the climax of pleasurable travelling. It is most oppor- great objection against travelling in balloons, under tune for those labial contactions which are such no- the present discipline thereof. table auxiliaries of love and courtship, and therefore very favourable to the prosecution of the latter. Distance, also, is annihilated, and difficulties surmounted in this manner, with remarkable facility. Again, therefore, I repeat, that all modes of transition upon land must yield the palm to that of riding upon horseback. Of these sixteen modes of travelling, the reader may gather that I am partial to the back of a horse. MISERIES OF A BACHELOR'S LIFE. Poor fellow! he returns to his lodgings; there may be every thing he can desire, in the shape of mere external comforts, provided for him by the Velocipedes are so little used, that they scarce official zeal of his housekeeper; but still the room deserve a mention. They consist of two wheels, has an air of chilling vacancy; the very atmosphere one following the other, and connected by a shaft, of the apartment has a dim, uninhabited appearance; the chairs, set round with provoking neatness, look which the traveller strides. He propels the vehicle reproachfully useless and unoccupied-and the taby moving his legs, much after the manner of walk-bles and other furniture shine with impertinent and ing, and touching his toes to the earth at every pace. The machine is most valuable in going down hill. Stilts are long poles fastened to the feet and legs, by which a man is raised from three to ten feet above the ground. A person skilled in the use of them, may walk with great rapidity. In this country, they are used chiefly in fording streams. If one of them breaks, or the individual loses his balance, they become mighty inconvenient appendages to the nether extremities. Travelling upon foot, is, upon the whole, the surest and the safest method. There is no boiler to burst and scald you to death-no vessel to sink you He futile brightness. All is dreary and repelling. No DELIGHTS OF A MARRIED MAN'S LIFE. Behold him! all the while he is busied about his to the bottom of the waters-no carriage to turn you daily occupation, his thoughts are wandering toover at the imminent hazard of your neck-no driver wards the time of going "home" in the evening, after or proprietor to insult you-no toll-gatherer to stop the toils and fatigues of the day. He knows that, you-no horse to run away with you and break your on his return, he shall find an affectionate face to hones. You are entitled to the space you fill, welcome him—a warm snug room-a bright fire-a whether it be upon the surface, or under the sod-clean hearth-the tea-thing laid-the sofa wheeled you can stand up or lie down-climb over, creep under, or circumvent-in fine, you are free and independent. There is this disadvantage, however, which though small, is still a disadvantage. You move intolerably slow, and are inevitably inclined to get leg-weary in the long run. Balloons pass more rapidly in a strong wind, than round on the rug-and, in a few minutes after his entrance, his wife sitting by his side, consoling him in his vexations, aiding him in his plans for the future, or participating in his joys, and smiling upon him for the good news he may have brought home; his children climbing on the cushion at his feet, leaning over his knees to eye his face with joyous eagerness that they may coaxingly win him. This is the acme of happiness! 1 THE RUINS IN NEW YORK FIFTEEN DAYS AFTER THE FIRE. You stand in the midst of upwards of twenty acres of smouldering ruins. The cellars of those immense storehouses are glowing still with the living embers. The hundreds of busy workmen, yet only rake open the cinders by day, that the air may fan them into a flame by night. The evening scene fills you with singular emotions. It requires but a slight stretch of the imagination, to feel as though you were in the vicinity of Pompeii, with Vesuvius sending up its lurid glare close at hand, throwing a melancholy light over the deserted ruins. Just here rises a large and ragged pile, where the corners of four stately buildings still stand up by mutual support; there towers alone a single chimney; here stands the fragment of a wall; yonder the front of half a block, the windows gone, reminding you, in the dim distance of the vacant ruins of a castle; in the midst you observe some half a dozen granite pillars, standing as though they were grim and solitary sentinels, stationed there to frighten the plunderer from the desolated scene. yonder, mark the grandest ruin of them all! Exchange, with its huge pillars rent and torn from top to bottom, and the massy architrave still tottering upon their capitals; this is like the antiquated temples of Palmyra and of Carthage! But The The first class will be taught, The Organization of Courts-Duties in an Attorney's Office-Practice and Pleading. Collaterally, they will attend a course lectures on the Law of Nature-the Divine Law, and the Law of Nations, &c. The second class will study the Domestick Relations the Law of Personalty, &c. and attend lectures on Constitutional Law-the Interpretation of Statutes, &c. The senior class will learn the Law of Real Property-Law of Corporations-Law of Equity, &c., and they will hear lectures upon the Civil and Roman Law--Forensick Duties-Professional Ethicks, &c. The lectures will be of a familiar and conversational character, which the student will be fully able to understand and are intended to give him an opportunity to converse upon, review and criticise the studies he may be pursuing. The plan is deservedly popular, and with Mr. Butler to carry it into execution, will unquestionably be successfully prosecuted. We rejoice that this mode of lecturing is to be adopted. THE ABYSSINIANS. There is perhaps no nation, (says the Boston Mercantile Journal,) the character and manners of whose inhabitants are more disgusting to a civilized being than Abyssinia. The instances were believed to have been much exaggerated, if given by Bruce, of their cruelty and ferocity, not entirely fabulous, until subsequent travellers confirmed his statements. They seem to delight in cruelty-and their daily banquets are disgraced by is destined to be the victim of their unnatural luxury. the protracted torture of the unhappy animal, which The day-scene, although it still inspires a melancholy gloom, is rapidly yielding to a gratifying change every spot is enlivened by the busy workmen, the rubbish is fast disappearing, and order is taking the place of confusion. In some places the foundations of a new edifice are already laid; but in others, large quantities of merchandise are yet unrescued from the ruins, and crowds of poor people-The following is a description of one of those unmay be observed, standing about, watching and waiting for their portion of the salvage. those usual festivals, given in the words of Bruce, who was often compelled to be present at them: But the whole scene will speedily change; "A long table is set in the middle of a large room, and benches beside for a number of guests who are splendid edifices, whose ashes you now behold, will invited. A cow or bull, one or more, as the comhave given place to others still more noble-busi-pany is numerous, is brought close to the door, with ness will have resumed its accustomed channels-his feet strongly tied. The skin that hangs down and the sufferers, although they will never forget under the chin and throat, which is called the dewthe calamity, still will have recovered from its effects. lap in England, is cut only so deep as to arrive at the fat, of which it totally consists, and by the separation of a few small blood vessels, six or seven drops of blood only fall to the ground. They have a stone bench, or altar, on which these cruel assassins lay the animal's head in this operation. Having thus satisfied the Mosaical law, by pouring these six or them fall to work-on the back of the beast, and on seven drops of blood on the ground, two or more of each side of the spine, they cut skin deep; then, putting their fingers between the flesh and the skin, they begin to strip the hide of the animal half way skin, wherever it hinders them commodiously to strip down his ribs, and so on to the buttock, cutting the the poor animal bare. All the flesh on the buttocks is then cut off, and in solid square pieces without bones, or much effusion of blood, and the prodigious bellowing which the poor animal makes, is the signal for the party to sit down at the table." them back again. We believe they were pursued and caught. HIPPOPOTAMUS. The deer, which are plentiful in this region, usuA people of such unexampled cruelty towads brute ally herd together. A short time since some lumanimals, cannot be expected to pay much regard to bermen came upon a yard," containing nine of the sufferings of their fellow creatures. Inured to these poor fellows-whose fleetness is of no use to blood, and scenes of barbarity from their infancy, them when there are four or five feet of snow upon murder seems almost a pastime. Their sanguinary the ground. When discovered, they ploughed away laws are but a weak restraint against their violent the snow immediately about them, and prepared to passions, and the punishments annexed to the defend themselves with the utmost desperation. laws themselves, exhibit the most striking examples Bangor Courier. of natural cruelty. One of their punishments is slaying alive; and criminals are frequently hewn in pieces with a sabre. The executioners are often men of quality, or officers of rank. Mr. Bruce relates, that happening one day to pass an officer who had three men to despatch with a sabre, he was coolly requested by him to stop till he had cut them to pieces, as he wished to converse with him upon an affair of consequence. A civilized man sickens with horrour at such recitals, and he can hardly believe that he partakes of the nature of such monsters. A WOMAN WHO SPOKE WITHOUT A TONGUE. This woman was a native of Monsary, in the teritory of Elvas, in Portugal. The case was attested by Wilcox, bishop of Rochester, then chaplain to the English factory at Lisbon, in a letter dated from that city, September 3, 1707, and was laid before the royal society in London. The following is an extract from the letter:-"The Conde d' Ericeya a nobleman of letters, and curious in natural knowledge, brought from the frontiers of this country a woman without a tongue, who yet speaks very well; she is seventeen years of age, but in stature exceeds not one of seven or eight. I was with her at the conde's house, and made her pronounce every letter in the alphabet, which she can do distinctly. She has not the least bit of a tongue nor any thing like it; but the teeth on both sides of her jaw, turn very much inward, and almost meet. She finds the greatest want of a tongue in eating; for as others, when they eat, move their meat about with their tongue, she is forced to use her fingers. tends to distinguish tastes very well, but I believe she does it imperfectly. Her voice, though very distinct, is a little hollow, and like that of old people, who have lost their teeth." WILD ANIMALS. She pre London paper. The forests of Maine still abound in numerous species of wild animals, such as the moose, deer, caribou, loupcervier, lunkasoose, and many othersmost of them valuable for food and for their skins. The lunkasoose (the orthography is arbitrary) is an animal of which we have only heard recently; but tradition says that a ferocious animal of huge size, with a mane like a lion, has actually been seen to come to the borders of the river, and the lumbermen say that they have heard him in the woods roaring most lustily. The Indians, too, talk about the "lunkasoose," and they are conclusive authority in such matters. A few days since two large moose were seen quietly travelling in the road near Orono! they occasionally left the track for the woods, but the great depth of the snow soon forced Zeringhi, an Italian surgeon, procured one on the Nile, which measured seven feet from the ex tremity of the snout to the insection of the tail, sixteen feet round the body, and above seven feet in height; head four feet long, and upwards of nine feet in circumference; jaws opened about two feet, and its cutting teeth (four in each jaw) were about one foot long; feet resembled elephants-four divisions; tail short, flat, and pointed; hide thick, covered with a few scattered hairs of a whitish colour; figure between an ox and a hog; its cry between the bellowing of the one and the grunting of the other. It frequently upsets and sinks boats when attacked. Kay's Travels. In all the applications of Algebra it is not the magnitudes concerned that we consider, but merely their proportions. The letters of the alphabet, or any other symbol used in Algebra, are not therefore, strictly speaking, the representations of magnitudes; they denote ratios, or abstract numbers. Genius, when employed in works whose tendency it is to demoralize and to degrade us, should be contemplated with abhorrence rather than with admiration; such a monument of its power, may indeed be stamped with immortality, but like the Coliseum at Rome, we deplore its magnificence, because we detest the purposes for which it was designed. Anguish of mind has driven thousands to suicide; anguish of body, none. This proves, that the health of the mind is of far greater consequence than the health of the body, although both are deserving of much more attention than either of them receive. Lacon. The preceding engraving is a graphick sketch of Lisbon. This city is beautifully situated on the north side of the Tagus, about ten miles from the sea. Like old Rome, it stands on seven hills. Lisbon has one of the finest harbours in the world, which is capable of containing upwards of 10,000 sail of shipping without being crowded. fires, and formed an almost general conflagration. Those of the wretched inhabitants who escaped destruction in these horrid shapes were forced to reside in the open air, scarcely able to procure a sufficient subsistence for their almost exhausted bodies." Mr. Barretti says, "that 90,000 persons are supposed to have been lost on that fatal day. Imagination can scarcely form to itself a scene of confusion, horrour, and death more dreadful than this. After the shocks of the earth had subsided, the fire continued raging for many weeks, by which the pestilential air, produced from the numerous dead bodies, was purified, and the surviving remnant of the inhabitants thereby preserved their health, although surrounded by putrefaction." Before the dreadful earthquake in 1755, most of the private houses made a very miserable appearance; but now it has many magnificent buildings, particularly the square called Rosso. Previous to that calamity it contained about 30,000 houses, 150,000 inhabitants, 40 parish churches, besides its monasteries, 26 gates on the side of the Tagus, and 17 on the land side. It had 20 monasteries for monks, and 18 nunneries. According to Mr. Barretti, he For the security of Lisbon there is a fort at the supposes that two thirds of the city were levelled mouth of the river on each side, and a bar that runs with the ground, and such as withstood the shock across it, and which is very dangerous to pass withreceived considerable injury. Besides these, a out pilots. Higher up, at a place where the river great number of large churches were thrown down is considerably contracted, there is a fort called and destroyed, two royal palaces, and many convents, Torre de Belem, or the Tower of Belem, under nunneries, hospitals, and other public edifices. The whose guns all ships must pass in their way to the king and royal family were in their carriages, passing city; and on the other side are several other forts. to a palace in the country, and, happening to be in (See engraving.) The king's principal palace is seated an open space, were rescued from the miserable fate on the river, and is large and commodious. Of the which they beheld all around them. Many who hospitals, that called the Great is worthy of particuhad lived in opulence, ease, and splendour, were lar notice. This hospital is obliged to receive all reduced to the most distressing want, even of the persons, of whatever degree, nation, or religion, common necessaries of life; whilst lingering and without any exception. At the village of Belem, tormenting deaths awaited thousands who were over-near Lisbon, is a noble hospital for decayed gentlewhelmed by the falling buildings, or consumed by men who have served the king, and have not a suffithe spreading flames, which burst from the numerous ciency to maintain themselves. That called the VOL. I.-14 |